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KALKULUS LANJUT
OLEH :
1. Rizqi Tresnaningsih
2. Swasti Maharani
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 1
A.
INTEGRAL RNGKAP 2
c
a
(x k , y k )
Rk
Gambar 1.1
Tetapkan R berupa suatu persegi panjang dengan sisi-sisi sejajar sumbu-sumbu
koordinat, yakni misal : R : {(x,y) : a x b, c x d }. Bentuk suatu partisi dengan cara
membuat garis-garis sejajar sumbu x dan y. Ini membagi R menjadi beberapa persegi panjang
kecil yang jumlahnya n buah, yang ditunjukkan dengan k = 1,2,...n. Tetapkan x k dan y k
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 2
adalah panjang sisi-sisi Rk dan Ak = x k . y k adalah luas. Pada Rk ambil sebuah titik
misal
(x k , y k )
f (x
k =1
, y k )Ak .
Definisi :
Integral lipat dua
Andai suatu fungsi dua peubah yang terdefinisi pada suatu persegi panjang tertutup R,
jika :
lim
IpI 0
f (x
k =1
, y k ) Ak
f ( x, y )dA , yang disebut integral lipat dua dan pada R diberikan oleh
R
f ( x, y )dA
R
lim
= IpI
0
f (x
k =1
, y k ) Ak
kf ( x, y )dA = k f ( x, y )dA
R
2.
R1
R2
3. Sifat pembanding berlaku jika f(x,y) g(x,y) untuk semua (x,y) di R, maka :
f ( x, y )dA g ( x, y )dA
R
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 3
Jika f(x,y) =1 pada R, maka integral lipat dua merupakan luas R, maka integral lipat dua
merupakan luas R.
kf ( x, y )dA = k f ( x, y )dA
R
= k 1dA
R
= k.A(R)
Contoh Soal
1. Andai f sebuah fungsi tangga yakni :
1,0 x 3,0 y 1
f ( x, y )dA
hitung
dengan R = {
( x, y) : 0 x 3,0 y 3}
jawab :
misal persegi panjang R1, R2, R3
R1 = {
( x, y) : 0 x 3,0 y 1}
R2 = {
( x, y) : 0 x 3,1 y 2}
R3
= {
( x, y) : 0 x 3,2 y 3} ,
sehingga :
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 4
R2
R3
f ( x, y )dA
R
dengan f ( x, y ) =
64 8 x + y 2
,
16
Jawab :
Penjumlahan Riemann yang diperoleh dengan membagi atas 8 bujur sangkar yang sama
dengan tiap-tiap pusat bujur sangkar sebagi titik. Titik-titik contoh yang diperlukan dan nilainilai yang berpadanan dari fungsi itu adalah :
( x1 , y1 ) = (1,1),
( x 2 , y 2 ) = (1,3),
( x3 , y 3 ) =
(1,5),
( x 4 , y 4 ) = (1,7),
17
16
65
f ( x2 , y2 ) =
16
81
f ( x3 , y 3 ) =
16
105
f ( x4 , y 4 ) =
16
f ( x1 , y1 ) =
( x5 , y 5 )
= (3,1),
( x6 , y 6 ) =
(3,3),
( x7 , y7 ) =
(3,5),
( x8 , y 8 ) =
(3,7),
41
16
49
f ( x6 , y 6 ) =
16
65
f ( x7 , y 7 ) =
16
89
f ( x8 , y 8 ) =
16
f ( x5 , y 5 ) =
(0,8,8)
(0,0,4)
(4,8,6)
(4,0,2)
(4,8)
x
Jadi karena Ak = 4, Ak = x k y k = 2.2 = 4
8
f ( x, y )dA f ( x k , y k )Ak
R
k =1
= 4 f ( x k , y k )
k =1
4(57 + 65 + 81 + 105 + 41 + 49 + 65 + 89
16
= 138
2
3
Integral Lipat
Jika f ( x, y ) 0 pada R sehingga dapat kita tafsirkan integral lipat dua sebagai volume dari
benda pejal dibawah permukaan gambar 1
V=
f ( x, y )dA , R = { ( x, y ) : a
R
x b, c y d } .
a
R
Gb. 1
b
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 6
Gambar 1.2
Iris :
Iris benda pejal itu menjadi kepingan-kepingan sejajar terhadap bidang xz (gb. 2a)
y
LA(y)
Gb. 2b
x
y
Gb. 1.3
Volume
A(y)
diintegralkan ,
d
V=
A( y )dy , untuk y tetap kita hitung A(y) dengan integral tunggal biasa :
c
A(y) =
.. (2)
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 7
f ( x, y )dA
R
LATIHAN SOAL 1
Permasalahan :
Hitung :
3
[ (2 x + 3 y )dx]dy
a.
[ (2 x + 3 y )dy ]dx
b.
8 4
16 (64 8 x + y
c.
) dxdy
0 0
Jawab :
a.
[ (2 x + 3 y )dx]dy
...........................................................................................................................................
.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 8
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
b.
[ (2 x + 3 y )dy ]dx
...........................................................................................................................................
.
...........................................................................................................................................
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8 4
c.
16 (64 8 x + y
) dxdy
0 0
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M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 9
Perhitungan Volume
Contoh soal :
Hitung volume V dari benda pejal diatas yang dibatasi oleh z = 4 x2 y dan dibawah persegi
panjang R = {
( x, y) : 0 x 1,0 y 2}
Jawab :
(0,0,4)
(0,2,2)
(1,0,3)
(1,2,1)
y
2
1
(1,2)
x
Jawab :
V=
f ( x, y )dA
R
2
= ( 4 x y ) dA =
R
2 1
(4 x
y ) dxdy
0 0
1
3
3
1
= [[4 x x yx]0 ]dy =
0
(4 3 y)dy
0
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 10
16
satuan volum
3
Permasalahan :
1. Andai R = {
( x, y) : 1 x 4,0 y 2} .
2
f ( x, y ) =
3
, 1 x 3, 0 y 2 ,
Hitung
3 x 4, 0 y 2
f ( x, y )dA !
R
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2. Andai R =
{(x, y) : 0 x 2
R1 = {(x, y :)
, 0 y 2}
0 x 2 , 0 y 1 }
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 11
R2 = {(x, y :)
Jika
0 x 2, 1 y 2 }
f ( x, y )dA
R
= 3,
a. [3 f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )]dA
R
..........................................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
2 g ( x, y )dA + 3dA
b.
R1
R1
..........................................................................................................................................
.
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.
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.
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M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 12
.
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.
c. g ( x, y )dA
R2
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
3. Hitung :
4 2
2
a. ( x + y )dydx
1 1
..........................................................................................................................................
.
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.
..........................................................................................................................................
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 13
.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
1
( x sin y )dxdy
b.
0 0
..........................................................................................................................................
.
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.
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.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
4.
Hitung volume benda pejal yang diberikan benda pejal dibawah bidang
z = x+y+1 diatas
R={
( x, y) : 0 x 1,1 y 3} !
..........................................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 14
..........................................................................................................................................
.
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.
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.
KUIS
( x
R
+ y 2 ) dA jika R = {
( x, y) : 1 x 1,0 y 2} !
2. Hitung volume benda pejal yang diberikan benda pejal dibawah bidang z = 2x + 3y atas
R={
( x, y) : 1 x 2,0 y 4} !
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 15
Gb.1
Gb.2
f(x,y)=0
Gb.3
Gambar 2.1
Himpunan S terrtutup dan terbatas di bidang (Gb.1) keliling S oleh suatu persegi
panjang R dan sisinya sejajar sumbu-sumbu koordinat (Gb.2). andai f(x,y) terdefinisi pada S
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 16
dan didefinisikan f(x,y)=0 pada bagian R diluar S (Gb.3), f dapat diintegralkan pada S jika
dapat diintegralkan pada R.
f ( x, y )dA
S
f ( x, y )dA
R
y=(x)
x= 1 ( y )
x= 2 ( y )
d
S
y= (x)
0 a
x
b
Gb.2.2
Sebuah himpunan y sederhana
c
x
0
Gb. 2.3
sebuah himpunan x sederhana
Atau y sederhana
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 17
y
y= 2 (x)
S
y= 1 (x)
R
Gb.2.4
2 pada
[a,b] sedemikian
sehingga :
S : {( x, y ) : 1 ( x) y 2 ( x), a x b} .
Sedangkan suatu himpunan S adalah x sederhana (gb.5) jika terdapat fungsi-fungsi kontinu
1 dan
2 pada [c,d] sedemikian sehingga : S : {( x, y ) : 1 ( y ) x 2 ( y ), c y d } .
Jika kita ingin menghintung integral lipat dua dari suatu fungsi f(x,y) atau suatu himpunan S
yang y sederhana. Kita lingkungi S di dalam suatu persegi panjang R (gb.6) dan membuat
f(x,y)=0 di luar S, maka :
f ( x, y )dA
f ( x, y )dA =
S
b 2 ( x )
f ( x, y )dydx
a 1 ( x )
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 18
f ( x, y )dA =
S
d 2 ( y )
f ( x, y )dxdy
c
1( y)
z
z=f(x,y)
A(x)
b
y= 1 (x)
y= 2 (x)
Gb.2.5
LATIHAN 3
Kerjakan soal berikut!
1. Hitung :
5 x2
a.
(4 x +10 y)dydx
3 x
2
1 y
b.
(2 ye
) dxdy
0 0
Jawab :
5 x2
a.
(4 x +10 y)dydx
3 x
...........................................................................................................................................
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 19
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2
1 y
b.
(2 ye
) dxdy
0 0
..........................................................................................................................................
.
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.
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.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................................
.
AYO DISKUSI KELOMPOK...
1.
y = 25 x 2
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M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 20
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2.
dxdy !
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M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 21
3.
Hitung isi benda yang dibatasi oleh tabung (silinder) x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , z = 0, dan bidang
z - y = 0!
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KUIS
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 22
2.
Hitung isi benda yang terjadi oleh pemotongan kedua silinder x 2 + z 2 = a 2 dan
y2 + z2 = a2 !
3.
2 3y
( x + y )dxdy
a.
1 y
1 x
b.
xy
dydx
dydx
0 x2
1 x2
c.
xe
0 0
(r, ) : a r b, }
z
M
z=f(x,y)=F(r, )
r=b
r=a
Gb.2.7
Gb.2.6
Gb.2.8
A( Rk ) = r k rk k
Sehingga :
V = f ( r , ) rdrd = f ( r cos , r sin ) rdrd ........
R
(2)
f ( x, y )dA
R
Jika pada integral lipat dua diatas daerah bidang yang telah kita pelajari yang lalu kita
mengenal istilah himpunan x sederhana dan himpunan y sederhana, pada pengintegralan
kutub ini, kita mengenal istilah istilah himpunan r sederhana dan himpunan sederhana.
Himpunan r sederhana berbentuk S : {( r , ) : 1 ( ) r 2 ( ), } dan disebut
sederhana jika berbentuk :
r=
S
=
r=
=
r=a
r=b
Gb.2.9
Himpunan r sederhana
Gb.2.10
Himpunan sederhana
LATIHAN 3
Kerjakan soal-soal berikut ini diskusikan dengan temanmu!
1.
Hitung
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 26
2. Tentukan volume benda pejal di bawah permukaan z = x 2 + y 2 ,diatas bidang x,y dan
di dalam tabung x 2 + y 2 = 2 y
Jawab
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3.
Hitung luas daerah di luar lingkaran r = 2 dan di dalam kardioid r = 2(1 + cos )
Jawab
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M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 27
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4. Penerapan Integral 2
Penerapan integral dua selain untuk mencari volume benda pejal, penerapan lain yaitu
mencari massa, pusat massa dan momen inersia.
a. Massa
Andai suatu lamina mencakup daerah s di bidang xy dan jika kerapatan (massa/ satuan
luas) di (x,y) dinyatakan oleh ( x, y ) . Partisikan s dalam persegi panjang kecil
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 28
Massa (m) diperoleh dengan mengambil limit rumus diatas untuk norma partisi
mendekati nol, sehingga :
n
lim ( x k , y k ) A( Rk )
P 0 k =1
b. Pusat Massa
Jika m1 , m2 ,...mn adalah kumpulan titik massa yang masing-masing ditempatkan di
( x1 , y1 ) ,( x 2 , y 2 ) ,.......,( x n , y n ) pada bidang maka momen total terhadap sumbu y
k =1
k =1
x ( x, y )dA
Mx
x=
=
=
dan y =
m
m
( x, y )dA
s
y ( x, y )dA
s
( x, y )dA
s
Pusat massa diatas jika lamina tersebut tak homogen (kerapatan tak sama), tapi jika
kerapatannya sama (homogen), maka pusat massa menjadi:
x=
xdA
s
dA
s
dan
y=
ydA
s
dA
s
c. Momen Inersia
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 29
Definisi:
Momen inersia dari suatu partikel adalah hasil kali massa dan kuadrat jarak terpendek
dari partikel terhadap sumbu. Jika m adalah massa dan r adalah jarak, sehingga :
n
I = m1 r1 + m2 r2 + ....m n rn = mk rk
2
k =1
Suatu lamina tak homogen dengan kerapatan ( x, y ) yang mencakup suatu daerah s
dari bidang xy, lalu dipartisi seperti pada gambar 1, hampiri momen inersia tiap
keping Rk , ambil limit dan dbawa ke rumus diatas, sehingga momen inersia terhadap
sumbu x, y dan z adalah I x , I y , dan I z
n
I x = lim mk y k = y 2 ( x, y ) dA
P 0
k =1
I y = lim mk y k = x 2 ( x, y )dA
P 0
k =1
I z = I x + I y = ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x, y )dA
s
Cotoh soal:
Sebuah lamina dengan kerpatan ( x, y ) = xy dibatas sumbu x, garis x =8 , kurva y = x 2 / 3 .
Tentukan :
a.
Massa
b.
Pusat massa
c.
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 30
Jawab :
a. m = ( x, y ) dA
s
8 x2 / 3
xydydx
0
1
xy 2
2 0
2/3
0
dx
1
7/3
= x dx
20
8
1 3 10 / 3
x
=
2 0 10
8
0
LATIHAN 4
( x, y )
( x, y )
adalah k = x 2 + y 2 !
Jawab
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 31
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2.
Hitung momen inersia terhadap sumbu koordinat dan titik O, dari bidang datar yang
dibatasi oleh parabola x + y 2 y = 0 dan garis x + y = 0, dengan kerapatan k di titik (x,y)
adalah k = x + y!
Jawab
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M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 32
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.
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3.
Hitung momen inersia Ix, Iy, Iz dari bidang datar yang terletak pada kuadran I dalam
lingkaran r = 2a cos dan diluar lingkaran r = a !
Jawab
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.
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B.
INTEGRAL RANGKAP 3
1. Integral Rangkap Tiga Pada Koordinat Kartesius
z
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 33
y
(x k , y k , z k )
B
z
x
x
Gb. 3.1
Bk
Perhatikan suatu fungsi f tiga peubah yang didefinisikan atas suatu daerah berbentuk
balok B dengan sisi-sisi sejajar sumbu-sumbu koordinat. Bentuk suatu partisi P dari B dengan
meletakkn bidang-bidang melalui B sejajar bidang koordinat, jadi memotong B ke dalam
balok-balok bagian, yaitu: B1 , B2, ...., Bk ,...., Bn . Pada Bk , ambil satu titik contoh
( x k , y k , z k ) dan
f (x
k =1
, y k , z k ) Vk
f ( x, y, z ) dV = lim f ( x k , y k , z k ) Vk
P 0
k =1
Jika limitnya ada, seperti halnya pada integral lipat dua. Pengertian integral lipat tiga
mempunyai urutan pengintegralan serupa seperti pada integral lipat dua. Sehingga integral
lipat di fungsi f(x,y,z) atas daerah B ditulis sebagai berikut:
f ( x, y, z )dV
B
arti:
a. Pengintegralan pertama dilakukan terhadap x dengan menganggap y dan z sebagai
konstanta
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 34
B = {(x, y, z) : a x b, c y d, e z f
a
b
x
Gb. 3.2
Bila
B = {(x, y, z) : a x b, c y d, e z f
benda B adalah:
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 35
bdf
ace
Andai f(x,y,z) terdefinisi pada S dan f(x,y,z) bernilai nol, bila diluar S. Andai S himpunan z
sederhana dan S xy adalah proyeksi permukaan benda S pada bidang xy, untuk lebih jelasnya
perhatikan gambar berikut:
z
y
Sxy
Gb. 3.3
x
y
Sxy
Gb. 3.4
f ( x, y, z )dV
S
= [
S xy
z2 ( x , y )
f ( x, y, z )dz ]dA
z1 ( x , y )
Dimana Sxy adalah proyeksi permukaan benda S pada bidang xy. Selanjutnya jika Sxy
daerah pada bidang xy yang berbentuk y sederhana, seperti pada gambar 3.4 . yang dibatai
oleh: S xy = {( x, y ) : y1 ( x) y y 2 ( x ), a x b} , sehingga dengan integral berulang
diperoleh: f ( x, y , z )dV = [
S
S xy
y2 ( x )
y1 ( x )
z2 ( x , y )
f ( x, y, z )dz ]dA
z1 ( x , y )
z2 ( x, y )
z1 ( x , y )
Dari rumus di atas perlu diperhatikan bahwa batasan integrasi harus sesuai dengan urutanurutan pengintegralannya.
LATIHAN 4
2 x x +y
1.
Hitung
yzdzdydx
0 0
Jawab
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M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 37
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1 x xy
2.
Hitung
y 2 zdzdydx
0 0 0
Jawab
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M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 38
x
B
pendekatan dV=dx dy dz !
Jawab
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2. Hitung
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 39
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3.
Hitung volume benda pejal dibawah bidang y + z = 4 dan dibatasi silinder paraboloid
y = x 2 , y = 2 x 2 , bidang-bidang x = 0 dan z = 0 !
Jawab
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M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 40
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KUIS
2.
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 41
https://www.google.com/search?q=perhitungan+pada+integral+lipat+dua&ie=utf8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-beta
M
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 42