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PENDAHULUAN
2.1 Kapasitor
2.2 Kapasitansi
Kapasitansi adalah sifat dari penghantar listrik yang ditandai dengan
kemampuannya untuk menyimpan muatan listrik Kapasitor dirancang untuk
menyediakan kapasitansi pada rangkaian listrik untuk menyimpan energi dalam
medan listrik antar dua konduktor yang dipisahkan oleh media dielektrik.
2.3 Resistor
Resistor merupakan komponen pasif sehingga dalam kerjanya tidak
memerlukan catu daya. Bentuk, ukuran bahan dan resistensinya beragam tapi mudah
dikenali. Besarnya resistensi dinyatakan dalam satuan Ohm, kila Ohm dan mega
Ohm, yang dicantumkan pada setiap resistor dalam bentuk lambing bilangan atau
cincin kode warna.
Suatu komponen elektronik yang dapat sering disebut werstan, pelawan atau
penghambat.menghambat gerak lajunya arus listrik/membatasi jumlah arus yang
mengalir dalam satu rangkaian.disingkat dengan huruf R dengan satuan: Ohm.
Simbol Resitor: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Jenis-Jenis Resistor
Resistor Biasa: sebuah resistor penghambat gerak arus, yang nilainya tidak dapat
berubah, jadi selalu tetap (konstan). Resistor ini biasanya dibuat dari nikelin
atau karbon.
.Sedangkan untuk gelang toleransi resistor adalah: Coklat 1%, Merah 2%, Hijau
0,5%, Biru 0,25%, Ungu 0,1%, Emas 5% dan Perak 10%. Kebanyakan gelang
toleransi yang dipakai oleh umum adalah warna Emas, Perak dan
Coklat.0100090000032a0200000200a20100000000a201000026060f003a0357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Untuk menyatakan resistensi dan kemampuan dayanya , berbagai resistor dibuat dari
bahan yang berbeda dengan sifat-sifat yang berbeda juga. Untuk menyatakan
resistensi dalam teori dan praktek ditulis dengan huruf R.
2.4 Transformator
Alat ini digunakan untuk menaikkan dan menurunkan tegangan atau
mengubah tegangan AC menjadi DC atau sebaliknya. Transformator umumnya terdiri
dari inti (besi) dan dua bagian yaitu bagian primer dan bagian sekunder yang masing-
masing mempunyai lilitan dengan jumlah tertentu. Prinsip kerjanya berdasarkan
pemindahan daya/energi listrik dari kumparan primer ke kumparan sekunder dengan
cara induksi.
Trafo ideal :
VSekunder / NSekunder = VPrimer/NPrimer
Trafo:
• Step up : Vs > Vp ; • Step down : Vp > Vs
Transformator ideal:
Pin = Pout atau Vp Ip = Vs Is
VSekunder / VSekunder = ISekunder/IPrimer
Transformator tak ideal :
Pin Pout ; Pout = Pin
= (Pout/Pin) x 100%
dimana: = efisiensi transformator
Membaca Kapasitansi
Pada kapasitor yang berukuran besar, nilai kapasitansi umumnya ditulis
dengan angka yang jelas. Lengkap dengan nilai tegangan maksimum dan
polaritasnya. Misalnya pada kapasitor elco dengan jelas tertulis kapasitansinya
sebesar 22uF/25v.
Kapasitor yang ukuran fisiknya mungil dan kecil biasanya hanya
bertuliskan 2 (dua) atau 3 (tiga) angka saja. Jika hanya ada dua angka satuannya
adalah pF (pico farads). Sebagai contoh, kapasitor yang bertuliskan dua angka 47,
maka kapasitansi kapasitor tersebut adalah 47 pF.
Jika ada 3 digit, angka pertama dan kedua menunjukkan nilai nominal,
sedangkan angka ke-3 adalah faktor pengali. Faktor pengali sesuai dengan angka
nominalnya, berturut-turut 1 = 10, 2 = 100, 3 = 1.000, 4 = 10.000 dan seterusnya.
Misalnya pada kapasitor keramik tertulis 104, maka kapasitansinya adalah 10 x
10.000 = 100.000 pF atau = 100 nF. Contoh lain misalnya tertulis 222, artinya
kapasitansi kapasitor tersebut adalah 22 x 100 = 2200 pF = 2.2 nF.
Selain dari kapasitansi ada beberapa karakteristik penting lainnya yang
perlu diperhatikan. Biasanya spesifikasi karakteristik ini disajikan oleh pabrik
pembuat didalam datasheet. Berikut ini adalah beberapa spesifikasi penting
tersebut.
III. METODOLOGI PRATIKUM
Breadboard
Kabel penghubung
Signal generator
Multimeter
Hambatan 47 ohm
Kapasitor 4,7 µF dan 1 µF
Induktor 100 µH dan 15 mH
B. Rangkaian RL seri
Pasang komponen R = 47 ohm dan L = 0,5 mH secara seri seperti pada gambar 3
rangkaian RL seri
Siapkan segnal generator dengan keluaran sekitar 2 volt dan frekuensi 500Hz
(sebagai sumber tegangan sinusoida) dan hubungkan dengan rangkaian RC seri.
Ukur tegangan pada R,L dan pada RL seri dengan multimeter tegangan AC.
Ubah frekuensi dengan 1000Hz dan ulangi langkah 1 sampai 3.
Lepas induktor dari rangkaian dan ukur hambatan dalam induktor (r) dengan
memakai multimeter pada pengukuran hambatan.
Ulangi percobaan diatas dengan memakaii komponen R=47ohm dan L=1mH.
IV. HASIL
4.1 HASIL
Perhitungan
R= 47ohm dan C = 4,7µF = 4,7.10-6 F
Xc =
1/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0016000c0000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
Xc = 67,7255
Z2 = R2 + Xc
Z = 82,02610
I = VR / R
= 5,47.10-3
Tan θ = XR / R
θ = 55.24˚
Pmaks = VR I
= 4,050.10-4
Peff = 0,5 VR I
= 2,025.10-4
Diagram fasor
VR
55,24˚
Vc Vs
Xc =
1/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0016000c0000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
Xc = 318,309
Z2 = R2 + Xc
Z = 321,761
I = VR / R
= 1,574.10-3
Tan θ = XR / R
θ = 71,86˚
Pmaks = VR I
= 7,1754.10-5
Peff = 0,5 VR I
= 3,587.10-5
Diagram fasor
VR
71,86˚
Vc Vs
Komentar : Panjang garis VR tidak sama dengan garis Vc. Ini menunjukkan bahwa
pada percobaan ini masih terdapat kesalahan. Diagram fasor yang benar apabila
panjang Vs2 =
Perhitungan
R= 47ohm dan C = 4,7µF = 4,7.10-6 F
Xc =
1/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0016000c0000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
Xc = 33,88
Z2 = R2 + Xc
Z = 57,94
I = VR / R
= 0,0108
Tan θ = XR / R
θ = 35,78˚
Pmaks = VR I
= 7,992.10-4
Peff = 0,5 VR I
= 3,996.10-4
Diagram fasor
VR
35,78˚
Vs
Vc
R= 47 ohm dan C = 1µF = 10-6 F
Xc =
1/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0016000c0000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
Xc = 159,23
Z2 = R2 + Xc
Z = 166,02
I = VR / R
= 3,4.10-3
Tan θ = XR / R
θ = 73,55˚
Pmaks = VR I
= 2,516.10-4
Peff = 0,5 VR I
= 1,258.10-4
Diagram fasor
VR
73,55˚
Vc Vs
Komentar : Panjang garis VR tidak sama dengan garis Vc. Ini menunjukkan bahwa
pada percobaan ini masih terdapat kesalahan. Diagram fasor yang benar apabila
panjang Vs2 =
B. Rangkaian RL seri
Tabel 1. frekuensi 500Hz
Perhitungan
R= 47 ohm dan L = 0,1µF = 0,1.10-3 F
XL =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0016000c0000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
XL = 0,628
Z2 = (R + r)2 + XL2
Z = 48
I = VS / Z
= 0,011
Tan θ = XR / R
θ = 66,76˚
Pmaks = VR I
= 0,024
Peff = 0,5 VR I
= 0,012
Diagram fasor
Vs VLr VL
66,76˚
Vr VR
XL =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0016000c0000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
XL = 94,2
Z2 = (R + r)2 + XL2
Z = 105,7
I = VS / Z
= 6,726.10-3
Tan θ = XR / R
θ = 62,78˚
Pmaks = VR I
= 2,185.10-4
Peff = 0,5 VR I
= 1,09.10-3
Diagram fasor
Vs VLr VL
62,78˚
Vr VR
Perhitungan
XL =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0016000c0000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
XL = 0,314
Z2 = (R + r)2 + XL2
Z = 48
I = VS / Z
= 0,0117
Tan θ = XR / R
θ = 65,18˚
Pmaks = VR I
= 2,76.10-3
Peff = 0,5 VR I
= 1,38.10-3
Diagram fasor
Vs VLr VL
65,18˚
Vr VR
XL =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0016000c0000000000040000002701ffff030000000000
XL = 47,1
Z2 = (R + r)2 + XL2
Z = 67,25
I = VS / Z
= 7,138.10-3
Tan θ = XR / R
θ = 74,7˚
Pmaks = VR I
= 9,037.10-4
Peff = 0,5 VR I
= 4,51.10-4
Diagram fasor
Vs VLr VL
65,18˚
Vr VR
Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, hasil yang didapat dalam praktikum kali ini
jika dilihat dalam diagram fasor maka pada rangkaian RS seri masih terdapat banyak
kesalahan karena terlihat perbedaan yang jauh dari garis diagram fasor tersebut, hal
ini disebabkan karena nilai Vs2 = . ini terjadi karena panjang garis VR
terlalu pendek 0,074. Kesalahan ini bisa disebabkan oleh kurang
akuratnya praktikan dalam menyusun rangkaian, sehingga kaki
yang satu dengan yang lain tidak bersentuhan dengan baik, sehingga menurunkan
reaktansi kapasitif dan induktif.
Pada rangkaian RL negatif, jika dilihat melalui diagram fasor nilai yang
diberikan mendekati benar karena hampir sama dengan persamaan VS = (VR +Vr)2 +
VL2 walaupun masih terdapat kesalahan sehingga nilai yang diberikan masih kurang
tepat.
kapasitor bukan bernilai 1 µF. Nilai kapasitor pada percobaan kali ini belum
diketahui nilainya sehingga nilai yang diperlihatkan dari hasil pengukuran dan
perhitungan berbeda, hal ini juga bisa disebabkan karena nilai AC yang diperlihatkan
pada multimeter tidak konstan dan selalu berubah-ubah dan nilainya tidak sama
dengan hasil yang sebenarnya, karena multimeter yang digunakan sudah mengalami
kerusakan karena seringnya pemakaian atau karena pemakaian yang salah.
V. KESIMPULAN
Resistor adalah suatu komponen elektronik yang dapat sering disebut werstan,
pelawan atau penghambat.menghambat gerak lajunya arus listrik/membatasi
jumlah arus yang mengalir dalam satu rangkaian.disingkat dengan huruf R
dengan satuan: Ohm.
Kondensator (Capasitor) adalah suatu alat yang dapat menyimpan energi di dalam
medan listrik, dengan cara mengumpulkan ketidakseimbangan internal dari
muatan listrik.
Transformator adalah alat ini digunakan untuk menaikkan dan menurunkan
tegangan atau mengubah tegangan AC menjadi DC atau sebaliknya.
Transformator umumnya terdiri dari inti (besi) dan dua bagian yaitu bagian
primer dan bagian sekunder yang masing-masing mempunyai lilitan dengan
jumlah tertentu.
Nilai reaktansi kapasitif akan naik terjadi perbedaan tegangan. Apabila tegangan
naik, maka reaktansi positif turun, apabila tegangan turun maka reaktansi
kapasitif dari kapasitor akan nain.
Nilai reaktansi Induktif akan naik apabila terjadi perbedaan arus listrik. Apabila
arus listrik meningkat maka reaktansi induktif akan menurun, dan sebaliknya
apabila arus turun maka reaktansi induktif akan meningkat.
Pada kapasitor tidak berlaku penjumlahan secara aljabar. Besarnya tegangan pada
kapasitor begantung pada nilai reaktansinya dengan persamaan yaitu :
1
Xct
2π f C
Besarnya tegangan hasil perhitungan dengan hasil pengukuran terlihat berbeda hal
ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, antara lain adanya tegangan yang hilang
pada rangkaian, adanya kerusakan pada alat, atau kesalahan pengukuran yang
dilakukan oleh praktikan
VI. SARAN
Agar didapatkan hasil yang sesuai sebaiknya kita menggunakan alat-alat yang
kondisinya bagus dan dapat digunakan, seperti baterainya harus baru dan
multimeter yang baik sehingga hasil pengukurannya akurat.
Sebaiknya gunakanlah komponen-komponen elektronika seperti kapasitor yang
akan diukur harus benar-benar baik dan bisa bekerja.
Untuk hasil yang akurat ulangi percobaan 1 sampai 3 kali.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
http://kebo.vlsm.org/~danang/tutorial.html
http://wikipedia.org/kapasitor
Priatna,Dedy.2006.Materi Kuliah Elektronika.FTIP UNPAD
Pratna.Dedy.2006.Materi Kuliah Kelistrikan.FTIP UNPAD
Prijatna, Deddy. 2006. Modul Praktikum Kelistrikan. Bandung: Teknologi Pertanian.
Unpad
http://www.google.co.id/search?q=kapasitor=id&start=10&sa=N diakses pada tanggal
18 November 2007
http://www.google.co.id/search?hl=id&q=kapasitor=Telusuri+dengan+Google&meta
diakses pada tanggal 18 November 2007