Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Children with
ADHD are easily distracted by sights and sounds in their environment. They cannot concentrate for long
periods of time, are restless and impulsive, and/or have a tendency to daydream and be slow to complete
tasks.
ADHD, predominantly the inattentive type, is diagnosed when the essential features displayed are not those of
hyperactivity or impulsivity, but rather those of inattention. These individuals might often make careless
mistakes, appear “daydreamy,” fail to complete tasks, are easily distracted, and avoid activities that require
sustained mental effort and close concentration.
The diagnosis of ADHD is applied to children and adults after they consistently display some or all of these
behaviors over a period of time.
ADHD is one of the most common developmental problems among children, affecting 3 percent to 5 percent of
all school-age children. ADHD is more common among boys than girls; two to three times more boys have
ADHD than girls. On average, at least one child in every classroom in the United States needs help for ADHD.
It is important to remember that girls and gifted children with ADHD are an under-identified population.
There is no known cause for ADHD. Research has shown that ADHD has a neurological basis and is not
caused by home or school surroundings. Studies suggest that ADHD results from a chemical imbalance or
deficiency in certain neurotransmitters (chemicals in the brain that regulate behavior). A 1990 study conducted
by the National Institute of Mental Health indicates a link between a person’s ability to pay continued attention
and the level of activity in the brain. This study found that the rate at which the brain uses glucose (its main
source of energy) is lower in people with ADHD.
ADHD might be hereditary. If one or both parents have ADHD, their children might show signs of it as well.
Not every child who is overly active can be diagnosed as hyperactive. The hyperactive child remains at a “high
energy” level and is almost in constant motion regardless of the activity or situation. Children who are
misbehaving can behave within acceptable boundaries when they choose to do so, modifying their behavior to
the situations they are in. Hyperactive children have much more difficulty controlling their activity level and
behavior, and some are incapable of being still.
If the difficulties associated with ADHD are managed appropriately throughout their lives, people with ADHD
learn to focus their attention, develop their personal strengths, and become quite productive and successful.
Children with ADHD have difficulty following directions, concentrating, organizing tasks, and completing school
work within time limits. Completing homework in a consistent and timely manner is also a problem for children
with ADHD.
If it is suspected that a child has an attention or hyperactivity problem, and it appears that his or her school
performance is being affected, the parents should first request that the child’s school evaluate him or her.
When making this request, the parents must be as specific as possible about the type of educational difficulties
their child is experiencing.
Schools are required to evaluate a child (age 3 to 21) if he or she is suspected of having a disability that is
affecting his or her learning/educational performance. This evaluation is provided free of charge to families and
must, by law, involve more than one standardized test or procedure.
After this evaluation, the parents should make an appointment with their child's doctor. It is particularly helpful
to provide the doctor some background information about the concerns of school personnel. The doctor might
refer the child to a specialist, if necessary.
If the child is not in school yet, but the parents suspect that he or she has an attention or hyperactivity problem,
they should make an appointment with their family doctor to discuss the possibility of ADHD. The doctor can
refer the child to a specialist, if necessary.
It is important that school personnel, families, and the family doctor work closely together to establish the
diagnosis and treatment plan for a child with ADHD. Sometimes the child is referred to a child neurologist or
child psychiatrist for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, which might also be appropriate.
Are the behaviors more frequent or excessive than in others of the same age?
Did the behaviors begin early in life (before age 7)? Have the behaviors been present for more than six
months?
Are the behaviors a continuous problem and not just a response to a temporary situation?
Do the behaviors occur in several settings or only in one specific place?
Do the behaviors impair at least two areas of a person’s life (such as home, school, work, or social
settings)?
After asking a series of questions, specialists will compare the person’s pattern of behavior to a set of criteria
and characteristics of the disorder.
One of the difficulties in diagnosing ADHD is that it often is accompanied by other problems, such as a learning
disability (difficulty mastering a certain academic skill). ADHD is not in itself a learning disability, but it can make
it more difficult for the child with a learning disability to do well in school.
Behavior-changing therapies, educational assistance, and a variety of medicines are available to help people
with ADHD focus their attention, function in new ways, and build their self-esteem.
Behavior-changing therapies — There are many ways parents and teachers can help a child
manage his or her difficulties associated with ADHD. The main goal of behavior management is to
increase the child’s appropriate behavior and decrease the inappropriate behavior. Children with
ADHD respond best in an environment (both home and school) that is structured and predictable, with
clear and consistent rules and expectations. Consequences need to be established ahead of time and
delivered immediately.
Educational help — In the school arena, ADHD might negatively affect academic performance.
Children might miss important blocks of information, exhibit inconsistent skill development, and lack
organizational skills.
Many children with ADHD benefit from educational accommodations provided under a 504 plan. These might
include preferential seating, extended time on tests, and note-taking support.
Some ADHD children might qualify for special education services under the category of Other Health Impaired
(OHI). The type of educational help or special services children receive will depend on the nature and severity
of their difficulties. Also, parents might want to pursue tutorial support in addition to any school support to assist
with study and organizational skills.
Medicine – Medicine is a proven treatment for many people with ADHD, but not all children with
ADHD need to take medicine. Children with milder forms of ADHD might be helped with a structured
environment and firm, but fair types of discipline and rewards.
The parents’ decision to place a child on medicine is a personal one, and should only be made after a thorough
evaluation of the child has taken place and after careful consideration by the parents and the doctor.
It is now known that some people with ADHD will continue to benefit from medicine throughout adolescence
and adulthood.
Ritalin, Metadate, Dexedrine, Concerta, Adderall, and Strattera are the most widely prescribed medicines for
ADHD. These drugs are believed to stimulate the action of neurotransmitters in the brain, which enables the
brain to better regulate attention, impulsiveness, and motor behavior. Medicines have been used to treat ADHD
for more than 60 years.
Psychological counseling will not eliminate ADHD, but might be helpful to families. Therapy can help parents
learn to provide an appropriate, stress-free environment for homework completion. Psychological counseling
might also help children and their families deal more effectively with the social and emotional aspects of ADHD.
Counseling can be an important part of treatment and should not be overlooked.
Controversial treatments for ADHD include restricted diets, anti-motion sickness medication, allergy treatment,
treatment for yeast infections, megavitamins, biofeedback, chiropractic adjustment, and eye training. At the
current time, there is no strong scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of these treatments for ADHD. As
their child’s primary caregivers, parents need to become informed consumers and be cautious when
considering such treatments.
ADHD adalah masalah perkembangan ditandai dengan kurangnya perhatian,
hiperaktif, dan impulsif. Anak-anak dengan ADHD yang mudah terganggu oleh
pemandangan dan suara di persekitaran mereka. Mereka tidak boleh menumpukan
perhatian untuk jangka waktu yang lama, gelisah dan impulsif, dan / atau
mempunyai kecenderungan untuk melamun dan lambat untuk menyelesaikan tugas.
ADHD, terutama jenis lalai, didiagnosis ketika ciri-ciri penting yang dipaparkan tidak
mereka yang hiperaktif atau impulsif, melainkan orang-orang dari kurangnya
perhatian. Individu ini sering mungkin membuat kesalahan ceroboh, muncul
"daydreamy," gagal untuk menyelesaikan tugas-tugas, mudah terganggu, dan
mengelakkan kegiatan yang berterusan memerlukan usaha mental dan konsentrasi
berhampiran.
Diagnosis ADHD diterapkan untuk anak-anak dan orang dewasa setelah mereka
konsisten memaparkan beberapa atau semua perilaku selama tempoh masa.
ADHD mungkin turun temurun. Jika salah satu atau kedua-dua orang tua ADHD,
anak-anak mereka mungkin menunjukkan tanda-tanda itu juga.
Bagaimana anda boleh tahu apakah seorang anak hiperaktif atau hanya mengalami
gangguan?
Tidak semua anak yang terlalu aktif boleh didiagnosis sebagai hiperaktif. Anak
hiperaktif tetap pada tahap "quality tenaga" dan hampir dalam gerakan konstan
terlepas dari kegiatan atau situasi. Anak-anak yang nakal boleh berkelakuan dalam
batas diterima apabila mereka memilih untuk melakukannya, mengubahsuai
perilaku mereka terhadap situasi mereka masuk anak-anak hiperaktif mempunyai
lebih banyak kesulitan untuk mengawal tahap aktiviti mereka dan perilaku, dan
beberapa tidak mampu yang masih.
Jika kesulitan yang berkaitan dengan ADHD dikendalikan dengan tepat sepanjang
hidup mereka, orang dengan ADHD belajar untuk fokus perhatian mereka,
mengembangkan kekuatan peribadi mereka, dan menjadi sangat produktif dan
berjaya.
Apa yang harus orang tua atau guru anak kita lakukan jika diduga ADHD?
Jika diduga bahawa seorang anak mempunyai masalah perhatian atau hiperaktif,
dan tampak bahawa prestasi sekolah nya sedang terpengaruh, orang tua harus
terlebih dahulu meminta sekolah anak menilai dirinya. Ketika membuat permintaan
ini, orang tua harus sejelas mungkin tentang jenis kesulitan pendidikan anak mereka
sedang mengalami.
Sekolah diperlukan untuk menilai anak (usia 3 hingga 21) jika ia dipercayai
mempunyai kecacatan yang mempengaruhi nya atau belajar nya / prestasi
pendidikan. Evaluasi ini disediakan percuma bagi keluarga dan harus, secara
undang-undang, melibatkan lebih dari satu ujian standard atau prosedur.
Setelah penilaian ini, orang tua perlu membuat janji temu dengan doktor anak
mereka. Hal ini sangat berguna untuk menyediakan doktor beberapa maklumat latar
belakang tentang keprihatinan personil sekolah. Doktor mungkin akan merujuk anak
ke doktor pakar, jika perlu.
Jika anak belum sekolah, tapi orang tua menduga bahawa ia mempunyai masalah
perhatian atau hiperaktif, mereka perlu membuat janji temu dengan doktor keluarga
mereka untuk membincangkan kemungkinan ADHD. Doktor boleh merujuk anak ke
doktor pakar, jika perlu.
Adalah penting bahawa sekolah personel, keluarga, dan doktor keluarga bekerja
sama untuk menegakkan diagnosis dan rancangan rawatan untuk anak dengan
ADHD. Kadang-kadang anak dirujuk ke ahli saraf anak atau psikiater anak untuk
diagnosis dan rawatan ADHD, yang juga mungkin sesuai.
Apakah perilaku lebih kerap atau berlebihan berbanding orang lain pada usia yang
sama?
Apakah perilaku bermula awal dalam kehidupan (sebelum usia 7)? Apakah perilaku
telah hadir selama lebih dari enam bulan?
Apakah perilaku masalah terus menerus dan bukan hanya respon terhadap situasi
sementara?
Apakah perilaku berlaku di beberapa tatacara atau hanya di satu tempat tertentu?
Apakah perilaku merosakkan sekurang-kurangnya dua bidang kehidupan seseorang
(seperti rumah, sekolah, bekerja, atau tatacara sosial)?
Setelah menanyakan beberapa siri soalan, pakar akan membandingkan pola
perilaku seseorang untuk seperangkat kriteria dan ciri-ciri dari kekacauan.
Salah satu kesulitan dalam mendiagnosis ADHD adalah bahawa hal itu sering
disertai dengan masalah lain, seperti ketidakmampuan belajar (kesulitan menguasai
kemahiran akademik yang tertentu). ADHD tidak dengan sendirinya sebuah
ketidakmampuan belajar, namun boleh membuat lebih sukar untuk anak dengan
ketidakmampuan belajar melakukannya dengan baik di sekolah.
Perilaku-perubahan terapi - Ada banyak cara orang tua dan guru dapat membantu
anak mengurus kesulitan nya berkaitan dengan ADHD. Tujuan utama dari
pengurusan perilaku adalah untuk meningkatkan perilaku yang tepat anak dan
mengurangkan perilaku yang tidak pantas. Anak-anak dengan ADHD merespon
terbaik dalam suatu persekitaran (baik rumah dan sekolah) yang berstruktur dan
boleh diramal, dengan peraturan yang jelas dan konsisten dan
harapan. Konsekuensi harus ditetapkan terlebih dahulu dan dihantar segera.
Pendidikan membantu - Dalam arena sekolah, ADHD negatif boleh menjejaskan
prestasi akademik. Anak-anak mungkin akan kehilangan blok penting dari
maklumat, pembangunan kemahiran pameran tidak konsisten, dan kurangnya
kemahiran organisasi.
Banyak anak-anak dengan ADHD manfaat dari penginapan pendidikan yang
diberikan di bawah rancangan 504. Ini mungkin termasuk tempat-tempat duduk
khusus, dilanjutkan waktu di ujian, dan mencatat sokongan.
Perubatan - Perubatan adalah perubatan terbukti bagi banyak orang dengan ADHD,
tetapi tidak semua anak dengan ADHD harus minum ubat. Anak-anak dengan
bentuk ringan ADHD boleh terbantu dengan persekitaran yang berstruktur dan
tegas, tapi jenis adil disiplin dan manfaat.
Keputusan orang tua untuk menempatkan anak pada rawatan adalah satu peribadi,
dan hanya perlu dilakukan selepas penilaian menyeluruh terhadap anak telah
berlaku dan selepas pertimbangan hati-hati oleh orang tua dan doktor.
Ritalin, Metadate, Dexedrine, Konser, adderall, dan strattera adalah ubat yang
paling banyak diresepkan untuk ADHD. Ubat ini dipercayai untuk merangsang aksi
neurotransmitter di otak, yang membolehkan otak untuk lebih menetapkan
perhatian, impulsif, dan perilaku motor. Ubat telah digunakan untuk merawat ADHD
selama lebih dari 60 tahun.
Childhood attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed after a child has shown six or more
specific symptoms of inactivity and/or hyperactivity on a regular basis for more then six months in more than
two settings. There is no single test for ADHD.
A doctor can diagnose ADHD with the help of standard guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics.
The diagnosis of ADHD involves the gathering of information from several sources, including school staff,
caregivers, and parents. The doctor will consider how a child's behavior compares with that of other children
the same age.
Learning disabilities — In about 20 percent to 30 percent of children with ADHD, there is a specific
learning disability. Dyslexia, a type of reading disorder, is widespread among children with ADHD.
Tourette’s syndrome — Very few children have this syndrome, but many of the cases of Tourette’s
syndrome have been associated with ADHD. Tourette’s syndrome is a neurological disorder causing
people to have various nervous tics and repetitive mannerisms. Some people with Tourette’s
syndrome might clear their throats frequently, snort, sniff, or bark out words.
Oppositional defiant disorder — As many as one-third to one-half of all children with ADHD have
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). These children are often disobedient and have outbursts of
temper.
Conduct disorder — About 20 percent to 40 percent of ADHD children might eventually develop
conduct disorder (CD), a more serious pattern of antisocial behavior. These children frequently lie or
steal, and tend to disregard the welfare of others. They risk getting into trouble at school or with the
police.
Anxiety and depression— Some children with ADHD might have anxiety or depression. If the anxiety
or depression is recognized and treated, these children will be better able to handle the problems that
accompany ADHD.
Mania/bipolar disorder — A few children with ADHD will go on to develop mania. Bipolar disorder is
marked by mood swings between periods of intense highs and lows. The bipolar child might have
elated moods and grandiosity (feelings of importance) alternating with periods of depression or chronic
irritability.
Children with ADHD show signs of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity in specific ways. These children:
Some behaviors can appear to be ADHD-related, but are not. Some causes of ADHD-like behavior are:
A doctor can conduct a medical history to help put a child's behavior in context. The doctor will ask what
symptoms a child is showing, how long the symptoms have occurred, and how the behavior affects a child and
his/her family.
Combined type (inattentive/hyperactive/impulsive) — Children with this type of ADHD show all three
symptoms. This is the most common form of ADHD.
Hyperactive/impulsive type — Children show both hyperactive and impulsive behavior, but are able to
pay attention.
Inattentive type (formerly known as attention deficit disorder [ADD]) — These children are not overly
active. They do not disrupt the classroom or other activities, so their symptoms might not be noticed.
ADHD medicines are available in short-acting (immediate-release), intermediate-acting, and long-acting forms.
It might take some time for a doctor to find the best medicine, dosage, and schedule for an individual with
ADHD. ADHD drugs sometimes have side effects, but these tend to happen early in treatment. Usually, side
effects are mild and short-lived.
Behavioral treatment for childhood ADHD involves adjusting the environment to promote more successful
social interactions. Such adjustments include creating more structure, encouraging routines, and clearly stating
expectations of the child with ADHD.
Children with ADHD might need help in organizing. Therefore, it is a good idea to do the following:
Schedule — Have the same routine every day, from wake-up time to bedtime. The schedule should
include homework time and playtime.
Organize needed everyday items — Have a place for everything and keep everything in its place.
This includes clothing, backpacks, and school supplies.
Use homework and notebook organizers — Stress the importance of writing down assignments and
bringing home needed books. It might be helpful for both parents and teachers to sign any assignment
book.
Children with ADHD need consistent rules that they can understand and follow. If children follow rules, they
should be rewarded. Children with ADHD often receive, and expect, criticism. Children’s good behavior should
be sought out and praised.
For children with ADHD, no single treatment is the answer for every child. A child might have undesirable side
effects to a medicine, making a particular treatment unacceptable. If a child with ADHD also has anxiety or
depression, a treatment combining medicine and behavioral therapy might be best. Each child's needs and
personal history must be carefully considered. It is important to work with a doctor to find the best solution in
each case of ADHD.
Seorang doktor boleh mendiagnosis ADHD dengan bantuan pedoman standard dari
American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis ADHD melibatkan pengumpulan
maklumat daripada beberapa sumber, termasuk kakitangan sekolah, pengasuh, dan
orang tua. Doktor akan mempertimbangkan bagaimana perilaku anak berbanding
dengan anak-anak lain usia yang sama.
Jadual - Memiliki rutinitas yang sama setiap hari, dari waktu bangun-up dengan
waktu tidur. Jadual hendaklah merangkumi masa PR dan bermain.
Mengatur item yang diperlukan sehari-hari - Memiliki tempat untuk segala sesuatu
dan menjaga segala sesuatu di tempatnya. Ini termasuk pakaian, ransel, dan
kelengkapan sekolah.
Gunakan penyelenggara kerja rumah dan notebook - Tekankan pentingnya
menuliskan tugas dan membawa buku pulang diperlukan. Mungkin berguna bagi
kedua orang tua dan guru untuk menandatangani buku tugas.
Anak-anak dengan ADHD memerlukan Peraturan konsisten yang mereka dapat
memahami dan mengikuti. Jika anak-anak mengikuti Peraturan, mereka harus
dihargai. Anak-anak dengan ADHD sering menerima, dan mengharapkan,
kritik.perilaku yang baik anak-anak harus mencari dan memuji.
Stimulants are an effective way of managing ADHD symptoms such as short attention span, impulsive
behavior, and hyperactivity. They may be used alone or in combination with behavior therapy.
These drugs improve ADHD symptoms in about 70% of adults and 70%-80% of children shortly after starting
treatment. Improvements include reduced interrupting, fidgeting, and other hyperactive symptoms, as well as
improved task completion and home relationships.
Improvements in behavior and attention span usually continue as long as the medication is taken, although
benefits in social adjustment and school performance have not yet been shown to endure over the long term.
These medications are not considered to be habit-forming when used to treat ADHD in children and
adolescents, and there is no evidence that their use leads to drug abuse. Nonetheless, there is a potential for
abuse and addiction with any stimulant medication, especially if a person has a history of substance abuse.
Recent research, nevertheless, shows that individuals with ADHD had a lower incidence of substance use
disorder if they were medically treated than if they were not treated.
Common stimulants
There are many stimulants available: short acting (immediate-release), intermediate-acting, and long-acting
forms. Common stimulants include:
Adderall® (intermediate-acting)
Adderall®XR (long-acting)
Concerta® (long-acting)
Daytrana® (long-acting patch)
Dexedrine® (short-acting)
Dexedrine® spansule (intermediate-acting)
Metadate CD® (long-acting)
Metadate ER® (intermediate-acting)
Methylin ER® (intermediate-acting)
Ritalin® (short-acting)
Ritalin LA® (long-acting)
Ritalin SR® (intermediate-acting)
Vyvanse® (long-acting)
The short-acting forms of the drug are usually taken two or three times a day and the long-acting ones just
once a day.
Newer forms of some stimulant drugs may reduce side effects and relieve symptoms for a longer period of
time. They include Concerta (10-12 hour duration), Ritalin LA (6-8 hours), Metadate CD (6-8 hours), and
Adderall XR (10-12 hours), Vyvanse (up to 13 hours), and Daytrana (10-12 hours).
Stimulants regulate impulsive behavior and improve attention span and focus by increasing the levels of certain
chemicals in the brain, primarily dopamine, which transmit signals between nerves.
People with any of the following conditions should not take stimulants:
Glaucoma (a condition that causes increased pressure in the eyes and can lead to blindness)
Severe anxiety, tension, agitation, or nervousness
Treatment with a type of medication called monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as Nardil or Parnate,
within 14 days of starting stimulant therapy
People with motor tics or a personal or family history of Tourette's Syndrome
Headache
Upset stomach
Increased blood pressure
These typically resolve after a few weeks of treatment as the body adjusts to the medication.
Other side effects may respond to a dosage adjustment or by changing to another type of stimulant. They
include:
Decreased appetite. This affects about 80% of people who take stimulant therapy.
Weight loss. This is an issue that can often be managed by taking the medication after meals or
adding protein shakes or snacks to the diet.
Nervousness
Sleeplessness
Growth reduction has been observed in some children and adolescents who take stimulants, but it has not
been shown to affect final height. Children and adolescents should be followed for weight loss and growth while
taking stimulants.
Allergic reactions, with skin rashes and other, more serious allergic symptoms, can occur with stimulants, so it
is best to notify your doctor if any new or unusual symptoms occur.
When taking stimulant therapy for ADHD, be sure to tell your health care provider:
If you miss a dose, just go back to the regular prescribed dosage schedule - don’t try to catch up by taking
additional doses.
The following are useful guidelines to keep in mind when giving your child stimulants for ADHD:
Always give the medication exactly as prescribed. If there are any problems or questions, call your
doctor.
When starting stimulant therapy, do so on a weekend so that you will have an opportunity to see how
the child responds.
Your doctor will probably want to start the medication out at a low dose and increase gradually until
symptoms are controlled.
Try to keep to a regular schedule, which may mean that doses will have to be given by teachers,
nurses, or other caregivers.
Children usually respond better to continuous medication use, but "medication vacations" may be
planned for a day or more for children who are doing well when activities permit.
Stimulan adalah terapi rawatan yang paling umum digunakan untuk ADHD.
Stimulan merupakan cara yang berkesan untuk menguruskan gejala ADHD seperti
rentang perhatian yang pendek, perilaku impulsif, dan hiperaktivitas. Mereka
mungkin digunakan sendiri atau dalam kombinasi dengan terapi perilaku.
Obat ini meningkatkan ADHD gejala pada sekitar 70% dari orang dewasa dan 70%
-80% anak-anak tak lama selepas memulakan rawatan. Perbaikan termasuk
mengurangkan mengganggu, gelisah, dan gejala hiperaktif yang lain, serta
penyelesaian Tugas dipertingkatkan dan hubungan rumah.
Perbaikan perilaku dan perhatian span biasanya berlangsung terus selama rawatan
diambil, walaupun manfaat dalam penyesuaian sosial dan prestasi sekolah belum
terbukti dapat bertahan dalam jangka panjang.
Common stimulan
Ada stimulan yang tersedia: akting singkat (akan-release), menengah-akting, dan
bentuk long-acting. stimulan umum meliputi:
Adderall ® (intermediate-acting)
Adderall XR ® (long-acting)
Konser ® (long-acting)
Daytrana ® (patch long-acting)
Dexedrine ® (short acting)
Dexedrine ® spansule (intermediate-acting)
CD Metadate ® (long-acting)
Metadate ER ® (intermediate-acting)
Methylin ER ® (intermediate-acting)
Ritalin ® (short acting)
Ritalin LA ® (long-acting)
SR Ritalin ® (intermediate-acting)
Vyvanse ® (long-acting)
Bentuk short-acting ubat biasanya dilakukan dua atau tiga kali sehari dan yang long-
acting hanya sekali sehari.
bentuk baru dari beberapa ubat stimulan boleh mengurangkan kesan sampingan
dan mengurangkan gejala untuk jangka masa yang lebih lama. Mereka termasuk
Konser (tempoh 10-12 jam), Ritalin LA (6-8 jam), Metadate CD (6-8 jam), dan
adderall XR (10-12 jam), Vyvanse (sehingga 13 jam), dan Daytrana ( 10-12 jam).
Nafsu makan berkurang. Hal ini mempengaruhi sekitar 80% orang yang mengambil
terapi stimulan.
Berat badan. Ini adalah masalah yang sering dapat dikendalikan dengan mengambil
ubat selepas makan atau menambah protein shake atau makanan ringan untuk
diet.
Gelisah
Arik
Pertumbuhan pengurangan telah diamati pada beberapa anak dan remaja yang
mengambil stimulan, tapi belum ditunjukkan mempengaruhi quality akhir. Anak-anak
dan remaja harus diikuti untuk menurunkan berat badan dan pertumbuhan ketika
mengambil stimulan.
Reaksi alergi, dengan ruam kulit dan lain-lain, gejala alergi yang lebih serius, boleh
terjadi dengan stimulan, maka yang terbaik adalah untuk memberitahu doktor anda
jika ada gejala baru atau tidak biasa terjadi.
Jika anda sedang menyusui, hamil, atau bercadang untuk menjadi hamil
Jika anda mengambil atau bercadang untuk mengambil suplemen makanan, ubat-
ubatan herba, atau ubat-ubatan nonprescription
Jika anda mempunyai masalah perubatan masa lalu atau sekarang, termasuk
tekanan darah tinggi, kejang, penyakit jantung, glaukoma, atau hati atau penyakit
ginjal
Jika anda mempunyai sejarah penyalahgunaan ubat atau alkohol atau
pergantungan, atau jika anda mempunyai masalah kesihatan mental, termasuk
kemelesetan, manik depresi, atau psikosis.
Jika anda melewatkan dos, kembali saja ke jadual dos biasa yang ditentukan - tidak
cuba untuk mengejar ketinggalan dengan mengambil dos tambahan.
Berikut ini adalah panduan berguna untuk diingat ketika memberikan stimulan anak
anda untuk ADHD:
Selalu memberikan ubat persis seperti yang telah ditetapkan. Jika ada masalah atau
pertanyaan, sila hubungi doktor anda.
Ketika mulai terapi stimulan, melakukannya pada akhir pekan sehingga anda akan
memiliki kesempatan untuk melihat bagaimana anak merespon.
Doktor anda mungkin akan ingin memulakan rawatan keluar pada dos rendah dan
meningkat berperingkat hingga gejala dikendalikan.
Cobalah untuk tetap dengan jadual teratur, yang mungkin bermakna bahawa dos
harus diberikan oleh guru, jururawat, atau pengasuh yang lain.
Anak-anak biasanya menanggapi lebih baik menggunakan ubat-ubatan terus
menerus, tapi "bercuti ubat" mungkin dirancang untuk satu hari atau lebih untuk
anak-anak yang melakukan dengan baik saat aktiviti izin.
© Copyright 1995-2010 Yayasan Klinik Cleveland. All rights reserved
Behavioral treatment for ADHD involves adjusting the environment to promote more successful social
interactions. Such adjustments include creating more structure and encouraging routines.
Children with ADHD might need help in organizing. Therefore, do the following:
Schedule — Have the same routine every day, from wake-up time to bedtime. The schedule should
include homework time and playtime.
Organize needed everyday items — Have a place for everything and keep everything in its place.
This includes clothing, backpacks, and school supplies.
Use homework and notebook organizers — Stress the importance of writing down assignments and
bringing home needed books.
Children with ADHD need consistent rules that they can understand and follow. When children follow rules,
they should be rewarded. Children with ADHD often receive, and expect, criticism. Children’s good behavior
should be sought out and praised. It is a good idea to “catch a child being good.”
Job coaching or mentoring to support better working relationships and improve on-the-job performance
Alternative treatments for ADHD include allergy treatment, megavitamins, biofeedback, restricted diets, anti-
motion sickness treatment, and eye training. Currently, there is no strong scientific evidence to support the
efficacy of these alternative treatments for ADHD. Consumers should exercise caution when considering
alternative treatments.
One alternative ADHD treatment, Brain Gym®, is said to develop the brain's neural (related to the nervous
system) pathways through movement. It is meant to prepare students of all ages to practice and master the
skills required for the mechanics of learning. Though this strategy might be effective, scientific research has not
yet substantiated its effectiveness.
Jadual - Memiliki rutinitas yang sama setiap hari, dari waktu bangun-up dengan
waktu tidur. Jadual hendaklah merangkumi masa PR dan bermain.
Mengatur item yang diperlukan sehari-hari - Memiliki tempat untuk segala sesuatu
dan menjaga segala sesuatu di tempatnya. Ini termasuk pakaian, ransel, dan
kelengkapan sekolah.
Gunakan penyelenggara kerja rumah dan notebook - Tekankan pentingnya
menuliskan tugas dan membawa buku pulang diperlukan.
Anak-anak dengan ADHD memerlukan Peraturan konsisten yang mereka dapat
memahami dan mengikuti. Ketika anak-anak mengikuti Peraturan, mereka harus
dihargai. Anak-anak dengan ADHD sering menerima, dan mengharapkan,
kritik.perilaku yang baik anak-anak harus mencari dan memuji. Ini adalah idea yang
baik untuk "menangkap seorang anak yang baik."
There are many drugs other than psychostimulants that can be used to treat ADHD.
Nonstimulant therapy
Strattera is the first nonstimulant approved for treatment of ADHD. Adderall XR is also approved to treat adult
ADHD
Strattera and all the other non-stimulants are generally considered to be less effective than psychostimulants in
the treatment of ADHD. The non-stimulants are considered second- and third-line medications.
Strattera works on the neurotransmitter (chemical in the brain that transmits nerve impulses) called
norepinephrine. Like the stimulant drugs, Strattera is effective in treating and controlling ADHD symptoms, but
it is not a controlled substance and people are less likely to abuse the drug or become dependent on it.
In addition, Strattera doesn't cause many of the potential side effects linked to psychostimulants, such as
sleeplessness. Strattera can cause very significant abdominal pain, nausea, and drowsiness, especially when
starting the medication. What Strattera does better than the stimulant medications is provide a longer and
smoother action without the "roller coaster" effect of the stimulant starting to work and then wearing off.
Upset stomach
Decreased appetite, which may cause weight loss
Nausea
Dizziness
Fatigue
Mood swings
These side effects can be significant and may require stopping the medication.
Generally, these side effects are not severe, and only a very small percentage of clinical trial participants
stopped Strattera due to side effects.
There have been reports of slightly decreased growth in children and teens. It is recommended that children
and adolescents be observed, measured, and weighed periodically while on Strattera.
Allergic reactions to Strattera are rare but do occur, usually as swelling or hives. The prescribing doctor or other
health care professional should be advised immediately if anyone taking Strattera develops a skin rash,
swelling, hives, or other allergic symptoms.
On Dec. 17, 2004, Eli Lilly, the makers of Strattera, added a warning to the drug noting that Strattera should be
stopped in patients with signs of jaundice — yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes. Jaundice is a sign of
liver damage. If blood tests show evidence of liver damage, the drug should also be stopped.
In September 2005, the manufacturer added a warning stating that the drug can increase suicidal thinking in
teens who take the drug.
There are certain situations in which a person should not take Strattera. If you or your child has any of the
following conditions, you should discuss them with your health care provider before taking Strattera:
Narrow angle glaucoma (a condition that causes increased pressure in the eyes and can lead to
blindness).
Treatment with a type of antidepressant called monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as Nardil or
Parnate, within 14 days of starting Strattera.
Strattera should always be taken exactly as prescribed. It is usually taken once or twice a day and may be
taken with or without food. No specific laboratory testing is required while taking Strattera and it may be used
for extended, or long-term, treatment as long as there are periodic evaluations with your health care provider.
Antidepressant therapy
Several types of antidepressant drugs can be used to treat ADHD. Antidepressant therapy for ADHD is
sometimes used as the treatment of choice for children or adults who have ADHD and depression.
Antidepressants, however, are generally not as effective as stimulants or Strattera at improving attention span
and concentration.
Tricyclic antidepressants, such as Pamelor, Aventyl, Tofranil, Norpramin, and Pertofrane, have been
shown to be helpful in children and adults with ADHD, but they can cause some unpleasant side
effects, such as dry mouth, constipation, or urinary problems. They are also relatively inexpensive.
Wellbutrin is a different type of antidepressant that is very effective in treating ADHD in adults and
children. It is generally well-tolerated, but it also has some side effects that may be a problem for some
people who have anxiety, headaches, or seizures.
Effexor and Effexor XR are newer antidepressants that increase the levels of norepinephrine and
serotonin in the brain. The drugs are effective at improving mood and concentration in adults as well
as children and teens. Effexor can be used to treat ADHD, but not commonly.
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors are a group of antidepressants that can treat ADHD with some
benefit, but are rarely used because they have significant and sometimes dangerous side effects and
can dangerously interact with foods and other medications. They may be of benefit in people where
other medications have failed. Examples include Nardil or Parnate. MAO inhibitors are not prescribed
for children or teens.
Note: In October 2004, The FDA determined that antidepressant medications increase the risk of suicidal
thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders. If you have
questions or concerns, discuss them with your health care provider.
Since most antidepressants work by increasing the levels of brain messenger chemicals (neurotransmitters),
such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, it makes sense that they might have effects similar to other
ADHD stimulant and nonstimulant treatments that appear to work by similar mechanisms.
Antidepressant treatment seems to improve attention span as well as impulse control, hyperactivity, and
aggressiveness. Children and adolescents treated with antidepressants are often more willing to take direction
and are less disruptive.
Antidepressants have the advantage of a low potential for abuse, and there is no evidence that they suppress
growth or contribute to significant weight loss.
If you have a history or tendency toward manic behavior or manic depression (bipolar disorder)
Wellbutrin can't be taken if you have any history of seizures or epilepsy.
Treatment with antidepressants should not be initiated if you have taken a MAO inhibitor
antidepressant, such as Nardil or Parnate, within the last 14 days.
Each type of antidepressant has its own contraindications and usage warnings, and you should discuss these
with your doctor.
Stomach upset
Constipation
Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Drowsiness
Low blood pressure
Weight gain
Tremor
Sweating
Difficulty urinating
Tricyclics also have the potential to cause serious heart conduction defects. They require periodic EKGs to look
for these heart problems.
Effexor can cause nausea, anxiety, sleep problems, tremor, dry mouth, and sexual problems in adults.
MAO inhibitors can cause a wide variety of side effects, including dangerously increased blood pressure when
combined with certain foods or medications.
When taking antidepressants for ADHD, be sure to tell your health care provider:
Always give the medication exactly as prescribed. If there are any problems or questions, call your
doctor.
Antidepressants usually take 2-4 weeks before the full effects are apparent. Be patient and don’t give
up before giving them a chance to work.
Your doctor will probably want to start your medication at a low dose and increase gradually until
symptoms are controlled.
It is better not to miss doses of antidepressants. Most are given once or twice a day. If you miss a day
or two of Effexor, it can cause an unpleasant withdrawal syndrome.
Tell your doctor if you notice any new or unusual side effects. Taking bulk laxatives (fiber) and drinking
lots of water is a good idea with tricyclic antidepressants, as they tend to cause constipation and hard
stools.
If you become constipated as a result of taking tricyclic antidepressants, take a bulk laxative (fiber) and
drink lots of water.
Two drugs, clonidine and guanfacine, normally taken to treat high blood pressure, have been shown to be of
some benefit for ADHD when used alone or in combination with stimulant drugs. The drugs can improve mental
functioning as well as behavior in people with ADHD.
How these drugs work in treating ADHD is not yet known, but it is clear that they have a calming effect on
certain areas of the brain.
Clonidine can be applied in a weekly patch form for gradual medication release. This delivery method helps
decrease some side effects, such a dry mouth and fatigue. After a few weeks, side effects usually diminish
considerably.
Clonidine and guanfacine can help reduce some of the side effects of stimulant therapy, especially
sleeplessness and aggressive behavior. However, combining stimulants with one of these drugs is
controversial, because there have been some deaths in children taking both stimulants and Catapres.
It is not known whether these deaths were due to the combination of drugs, but caution should be exercised
whenever such combinations are used. Careful screening for heart rhythm irregularities and regular monitoring
of blood pressure and electrocardiograms help reduce these risks. If your doctor thinks that combining these
two treatments offers more benefits than risks, it may be a good option.
Who should not take blood pressure drugs?
Clonidine and guanfacine may be contraindicated if there is a history of low blood pressure or other personal or
family history of a significant heart problem.
The most common side effects seen with these drugs include:
Drowsiness
Lowered blood pressure
Headache
Sinus congestion
Dizziness
Stomach upset
When taking one of these drugs for ADHD, be sure to tell your doctor:
The following are useful guidelines to keep in mind when taking clonidine or guanfacine or giving them to your
child for ADHD:
Always take or give the medication exactly as prescribed. If there are any problems or questions, call
your doctor. It is best not to miss doses or patches as this may cause the blood pressure to rise
quickly, which may cause headaches and other symptoms.
Your health care provider will probably want to start the medication at a low dose and increase
gradually until symptoms are controlled.
Clonidine patches come in various sizes. Rotate the placement of the patch to avoid skin irritation.
For very young children, clonidine tablets can be formulated into a liquid by a compounding pharmacy
to make it easier to give the medication. Tablets can be crushed and mixed with food if necessary.
Do not stop clonidine or guanfacine suddenly since this can cause rebound increase in blood
pressure. These medications must be tapered.
Ada banyak ubat selain psikostimulan yang boleh digunakan untuk mengubati
ADHD.
Nonstimulant terapi
Strattera adalah nonstimulant pertama yang diluluskan untuk rawatan
ADHD. Adderall XR juga diluluskan untuk mengubati orang dewasa ADHD
Strattera bekerja pada neurotransmitter (kimia dalam otak yang menghantar impuls
saraf) yang disebut norepinephrine. Seperti ubat-ubatan stimulan, strattera berkesan
dalam mengubati dan mengendalikan gejala ADHD, tapi itu bukan bahan yang
dikawal dan orang-orang kecil kemungkinannya untuk penyalahgunaan dadah atau
menjadi tergantung di atasnya.
Selain itu, strattera tidak menyebabkan banyak potensi kesan sampingan berkaitan
dengan psikostimulan, seperti tidur. Strattera boleh menyebabkan nyeri perut yang
sangat signifikan, mual, dan mengantuk, terutama ketika mula ubat. Apa strattera
tidak lebih baik daripada ubat-ubatan stimulan adalah memberikan tindakan lebih
panjang dan halus tanpa kesan "roller coaster" dari stimulan mula bekerja dan
kemudian memakai off.
Perut kecewa
Nafsu makan berkurang, yang boleh menyebabkan penurunan berat badan
Mual
Pusing
Kelelahan
Mood ayunan
Kesan sampingan ini boleh menjadi signifikan dan mungkin memerlukan
menghentikan ubat.
Umumnya, kesan samping ini tidak berat, dan hanya peratusan yang sangat kecil
dari peserta uji klinis berhenti strattera kerana kesan sampingan.
Reaksi alergi terhadap strattera jarang tapi terjadi, biasanya bengkak atau gatal-
gatal. Resep doktor atau ahli kesihatan lain harus segera diberitahukan kalau ada
yang mengambil strattera mengembangkan ruam kulit, bengkak, gatal-gatal, atau
gejala alergi yang lain.
Jika anda sedang menyusui, hamil, atau bercadang untuk menjadi hamil
Jika anda mengambil atau bercadang untuk mengambil suplemen makanan, ubat-
ubatan herba, atau ubat-ubatan nonprescription
Jika anda mempunyai masalah perubatan masa lalu atau sekarang, termasuk
tekanan darah tinggi, kejang, penyakit jantung, glaukoma, atau hati atau penyakit
ginjal
Jika anda mempunyai sejarah penyalahgunaan ubat atau alkohol atau
pergantungan atau jika anda mempunyai masalah kesihatan mental, termasuk
kemelesetan, manik depresi, atau psikosis
Jika anda mempunyai masalah hati atau penyakit kuning di masa lalu
Jika anda menjadi gelisah atau pemarah, atau jika anda mengembangkan idea dari
menyakiti diri sendiri.
Strattera harus selalu diambil persis seperti yang telah ditetapkan. Hal ini biasanya
dilakukan sekali atau dua kali sehari dan dapat diambil dengan atau tanpa
makanan.Tidak ada ujian makmal khusus diperlukan ketika mengambil strattera dan
boleh digunakan untuk diperpanjang, atau jangka panjang, rawatan selama ada
penilaian berkala dengan pembekal perkhidmatan kesihatan anda.
Terapi antidepresan
Beberapa jenis ubat antidepresan boleh digunakan untuk mengubati
ADHD.Antidepresan terapi untuk ADHD kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai rawatan
pilihan bagi anak-anak atau orang dewasa yang telah ADHD dan depresi.
Jika anda mempunyai sejarah atau kecenderungan terhadap perilaku manik atau
depresi manik (bipolar disorder)
Wellbutrin tidak dapat diambil jika anda mempunyai sejarah serangan epilepsi.
Perubatan dengan antidepresan tidak boleh bermula jika anda telah mengambil
antidepresan MAO inhibitor, seperti Nardil atau Parnate, dalam 14 hari terakhir.
Setiap jenis antidepresan mempunyai kontraindikasi sendiri dan amaran
penggunaan, dan anda harus berbincang dengan doktor anda.
Sakit perut
Sembelit
Mulut kering
Penglihatan kabur
Kantuk
Tekanan darah rendah
Berat badan
Getaran
Berpeluh
Kesulitan buang air kecil
Selain itu, tricyclics berpotensi mematikan dalam peristiwa overdosis ubat
Jika anda sedang menyusui, hamil, atau bercadang untuk menjadi hamil
Jika anda mengambil atau bercadang untuk mengambil suplemen makanan, ubat-
ubatan herba, atau ubat-ubatan nonprescription
Jika anda mempunyai masalah perubatan masa lalu atau sekarang, termasuk
tekanan darah tinggi, kejang, penyakit jantung, dan masalah kencing
Jika anda mempunyai sejarah penyalahgunaan ubat atau alkohol atau
pergantungan atau jika anda mempunyai masalah kesihatan mental, termasuk
kemelesetan, manik depresi, atau psikosis.
Jika anda mengalami gejala depresi atau perasaan bahawa anda mungkin
merugikan diri sendiri.
Jika anda membangunkan detak jantung tidak teratur (jantung berdebar) atau
mantra pengsan.
Berikut ini adalah panduan berguna untuk diingat ketika mengambil antidepressants
atau memberikan mereka kepada anak anda untuk ADHD:
Selalu memberikan ubat persis seperti yang telah ditetapkan. Jika ada masalah atau
pertanyaan, sila hubungi doktor anda.
Antidepresan biasanya 2-4 minggu sebelum kesan penuh yang jelas. Bersabarlah
dan jangan menyerah sebelum memberikan mereka kesempatan untuk bekerja.
Doktor anda mungkin akan ingin memulakan ubat anda dengan dos rendah dan
meningkat berperingkat hingga gejala dikendalikan.
Lebih baik untuk tidak melewatkan dos antidepresan. Kebanyakan diberikan sekali
atau dua kali sehari. Jika anda melewatkan sehari atau dua effexor, boleh
menyebabkan sindrom pengeluaran yang tidak menyenangkan.
Katakan kepada doktor anda jika anda melihat ada kesan sampingan baru atau
tidak biasa. Mengambil ubat pencahar bulk (serat) dan minum air yang banyak
adalah idea yang baik dengan antidepresan trisiklik, kerana mereka cenderung
menyebabkan feses sembelit dan keras.
Jika anda menjadi sembelit sebagai akibat dari mengambil antidepresan trisiklik,
mengambil ubat pencahar bulk (serat) dan minum air yang banyak.
ubat tekanan darah yang digunakan untuk merawat ADHD
Dua ubat, clonidine dan guanfacine, biasanya diambil untuk mengubati tekanan
darah tinggi, telah terbukti beberapa manfaat bagi ADHD apabila digunakan sendiri
atau dalam kombinasi dengan ubat stimulan. Ubat-ubatan boleh meningkatkan
fungsi mental serta perilaku pada orang dengan ADHD.
Clonidine boleh dilaksanakan dalam bentuk patch mingguan untuk melepaskan ubat
secara berperingkat. Kaedah penghantaran membantu mengurangkan beberapa
kesan samping, seperti mulut kering dan kelelahan. Setelah beberapa minggu,
kesan sampingan ini biasanya berkurang jauh.
Tidak diketahui apakah kematian adalah akibat kombinasi ubat, tetapi haruslah
berhati-hati apabila kombinasi tersebut digunakan. skrining cermat untuk
penyimpangan irama jantung dan monitoring secara teratur tekanan darah dan
electrocardiograms membantu mengurangkan risiko ini. Jika doktor anda berfikir
bahawa menggabungkan kedua-dua rawatan menawarkan keuntungan lebih
daripada risiko, mungkin pilihan yang baik.
Kantuk
Menurunkan tekanan darah
Sakit kepala
Sinus kesesakan
Pusing
Sakit perut
Ubat ini jarang boleh menyebabkan denyut jantung tidak teratur.
Selalu mengambil atau memberi ubat persis seperti yang telah ditetapkan. Jika ada
masalah atau pertanyaan, sila hubungi doktor anda. Cara terbaik adalah untuk tidak
melewatkan dos atau patch kerana ini boleh menyebabkan tekanan darah
meningkat cepat, yang boleh menyebabkan sakit kepala dan gejala lain.
Doktor mungkin akan ingin memulakan rawatan dengan dosis rendah dan
meningkat berperingkat hingga gejala dikendalikan.
Clonidine patch datang dalam pelbagai saiz. Main penempatan patch untuk
mengelakkan kerengsaan kulit.
Untuk anak-anak yang masih sangat muda, tablet clonidine dapat dirumuskan ke
dalam cecair dengan apotek peracikan untuk membuatnya lebih mudah untuk
memberikan ubat. Tablet boleh dihancurkan dan dicampur dengan makanan, jika
perlu.
Jangan berhenti clonidine atau guanfacine tiba-tiba kerana hal ini boleh
menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan darah rebound. Ubat-ubat ini harus meruncing.
© Copyright 1995-2009 Yayasan Klinik Cleveland. All rights reserved
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Experts know that there are differences in brain chemistry and brain activity among people with the condition as
compared with those who do not have ADHD. ADHD is not caused by home or school situations or by poor
parenting.
Studies of the brain and its functioning show that children and adults who have ADHD are likely to
have abnormal functioning (dysregulation) of certain neurotransmitters (chemicals in the brain), as well
as in the nerve pathways that regulate behavior.
There is a genetic link. ADHD tends to run in families. If one or both parents have ADHD, their children
are more likely to develop the condition.
Another factor that may play a role in causing ADHD is the presence of certain toxins in the
environment, such as lead. Such toxins can interfere with the brain development of children exposed
to them and possibly lead to ADHD.
Studies show pregnant women who smoke or drink alcohol may have an increased risk of having a
child with ADHD.
Research has shown that there is no evidence that ADHD is caused by:
Para ahli tahu bahawa ada perbezaan kimia otak dan aktiviti otak di antara orang
dengan keadaan berbanding dengan mereka yang tidak mempunyai ADHD. ADHD
bukan disebabkan oleh situasi rumah atau sekolah atau dengan orang tua miskin.
Pengajian dari otak dan menunjukkan yang berfungsi bahawa anak-anak dan orang
dewasa yang telah ADHD cenderung mempunyai berfungsi normal (disregulasi)
neurotransmiter tertentu (zat kimia dalam otak), serta dalam pusat saraf yang
mengatur perilaku.
Ada link genetik. ADHD cenderung berjalan dalam keluarga. Jika salah satu atau
kedua-dua orang tua ADHD, anak-anak mereka lebih mungkin untuk
mengembangkan keadaan tersebut.
Faktor lain yang mungkin memainkan peranan dalam menyebabkan ADHD adalah
adanya racun tertentu dalam persekitaran, seperti timah. racun tersebut boleh
mengganggu perkembangan otak anak-anak terkena kepada mereka dan mungkin
menyebabkan ADHD.
Kajian menunjukkan wanita hamil yang merokok atau minum alkohol mungkin
mempunyai peningkatan risiko mempunyai anak dengan ADHD.
Penyelidikan telah menunjukkan bahawa tidak ada bukti bahawa ADHD disebabkan
oleh:
Makan terlalu banyak gula
Alergi
Imunisasi
© Copyright 1995-2010 Yayasan Klinik Cleveland. All rights reserved.
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Children with ADHD need consistent rules that they can understand and follow. If children follow rules, they
should be rewarded. Children with ADHD often receive, and expect, criticism. Children’s good behavior should
be sought out and praised. Parents should:
Provide clear, consistent expectations, directions, and limits — Children with ADHD need to know
exactly what others expect from them.
Set up an effective discipline system — Parents should learn discipline methods that reward
appropriate behavior and respond to misbehavior with alternatives such as "time out" or loss of
privileges.
Create a behavior modification plan to change the most problematic behaviors — Behavior
charts that track a child’s chores or responsibilities and that offer potential rewards for positive
behaviors can be helpful tools. These charts, as well as other behavior modification techniques, will
help parents address problems in systematic, effective ways.
Children with ADHD might need help in organizing. Therefore, parents should encourage the child with ADHD
to:
Schedule — The child should have the same routine every day, from wake-up time to bedtime. The
schedule should include homework time and playtime.
Organize needed everyday items — The child should have a place for everything and keep
everything in its place. This includes clothing, backpacks, and school supplies.
Use homework and notebook organizer — Stress the importance of having the child write down
assignments and bring home needed books.
Parents can help a child with ADHD achieve academic success by taking steps to improve the quality of the
child’s homework. Parents should make sure that a child with ADHD is:
Driving poses special risks, particularly for teens with ADHD. Driving risks associated with a diagnosis of ADHD
include:
Deficiencies in attention
Impulsivity
Risk-taking tendencies
Immature judgment
Thrill-seeking tendencies
Teen driving privileges should be discussed in light of the overall ADHD treatment plan. It is a parent's
responsibility to establish rules and expectations for safe driving behaviors.
With simple adjustments in the classroom, teachers can more easily work with the strengths and weaknesses
of the child with ADHD.
Not all children with ADHD have trouble getting along with others. For those who do, however, steps can be
taken to improve a child’s relationships. The earlier a child's difficulties with peers are noticed, the more
successful such steps might be. It is helpful for parents to:
Memberikan ekspektasi yang jelas, konsisten, arah, dan batasan - Anak dengan
ADHD perlu tahu persis apa yang orang lain harapkan dari mereka.
Menetapkan sistem disiplin yang berkesan - Orang tua harus belajar kaedah disiplin
bahawa hadiah perilaku yang sesuai dan menanggapi perilaku dengan alternatif lain
seperti "keluar waktu" atau kehilangan hak-hak istimewa.
Buat rancangan pengubahsuaian perilaku untuk mengubah perilaku yang paling
bermasalah - grafik Kelakuan yang menjejaki tugas anak atau tanggung jawab dan
yang menawarkan hadiah potensi perilaku positif dapat menjadi alat
membantu.Grafik ini, serta teknik-teknik pengubahsuaian tingkah laku yang lain,
akan membantu orang tua mengatasi masalah secara sistematik dan berkesan.
Anak-anak dengan ADHD mungkin perlu bantuan dalam penyusunan. Oleh kerana
itu, orang tua harus menggalakkan anak dengan ADHD ke:
Jadual - Anak mesti mempunyai rutin yang sama setiap hari, dari waktu bangun-up
dengan waktu tidur. Jadual hendaklah merangkumi masa PR dan bermain.
Mengatur item yang diperlukan sehari-hari - Anak mesti mempunyai tempat untuk
segala sesuatu dan menjaga segala sesuatu di tempatnya. Ini termasuk pakaian,
ransel, dan kelengkapan sekolah.
Guna kerja rumah dan penganjur notebook - Tekankan pentingnya memiliki anak
menuliskan tugas dan membawa buku pulang diperlukan.
Bermanfaat troubleshooting untuk melakukan kerja rumah
Ibu bapa boleh membantu anak dengan ADHD mencapai kejayaan akademik
dengan mengambil langkah-langkah untuk meningkatkan kualiti PR anak. Orang tua
harus memastikan bahawa anak dengan ADHD adalah:
Berikan tugas satu per satu untuk mengelakkan kelebihan beban kerja
Pasangan Arahan tertulis dengan Arahan lisan
Berikan arahan yang jelas
Set up yang jelas Peraturan-Peraturan perilaku dan konsekuensi untuk melanggar
peraturan-peraturan ini
Kursi anak dekat model peranan yang baik atau berhampiran guru
Anak-anak dan hubungan
Tidak semua anak dengan ADHD mengalami kesulitan bergaul dengan orang
lain.Bagi mereka yang melakukan, bagaimanapun, langkah-langkah boleh diambil
untuk meningkatkan hubungan anak. kesulitan Sebelumnya anak dengan rakan-
rakan sebaya adalah melihat, langkah-langkah tersebut mungkin lebih berjaya. Ini
sangat membantu bagi orang tua untuk: