Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TENSES 1
Pola Kalimat :
Catatan :
Kata kerja pengindraan dan mental state tidak bisa digunakan dalam
present continuous.
Pola Kalimat :
2. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang telah selesai lebih cepat dari yang
diperkirakan.
Contoh :
“Don’t forget to mail the letter!” “ I’ve already mailed it.”
3. Digunakan setelah superlative This is the first time …..
Contoh :
What a boring movie! It’s the most boring movie I’ve ever seen.
This is the first time I have driven a car.
4. Untuk mengatakan bahwa kita tidak (pernah) melakukan sesuatu selama
periode tertentu hingga sekarang.
Contoh :
I have never smoked.
Jill hasn”t written to me for a nearly a month.
5. Dengan yet untuk menunjukkan bahwa pembicara mengharapkan sesuatu
terjadi:
Contoh :
Has it stopped raining yet ?
I haven’t told them about the accident yet.
Keterangan Waktu yang biasa digunakan :
Pola Kalimat :
(+) S + Have/has + been + Ving + ……… + for / since ….
(-) S + Have/has + not + been + Ving + ........ + for / since ….
(?) Have/has + S + been + Ving + ……. ?
Wh + Have/has + S + been + Ving + ……. ?
How long + have/has + S + been + Ving ……..?
Kegunaan :
Kata kerja Present Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan :
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan
masih berlangsung hingga sekarang.
Contoh :
It is raining now. It began to rain two hours ago, and it is still raining.
→It has been raining for two hours.
→It has been raining since two hours ago.
How long have you been studying English ?
2. Jika berbicara tentang suatu kegiatan yang dimulai di waktu lampau dan
baru saja/akhir-akhir ini berhenti.
Contoh :
“You ‘re out of breath. Have you been running ?
Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing ?
Bentuk : Verb 2
Pola Kalimat :
(+) S + V2 + ………
(-) S + did + not + V1 + ……….
(?) Did + S + V1 + ……. ?
Wh + did + S + V1+ ……. ?
What/Who + V2 . ……. ?
Kegunaan :
Kata kerja Simple Past Tense digunakan jika kita berbicara tentang suatu
peristiwa / kegiatan yang terjadi di waktu lampau.
Contoh :
I met Mr. White yesterday.
Mr. Brown died ten years ago.
When I lived in Jakarta, I worked in a bank.
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
Pola Kalimat :
Pola 1 :
When + S + V2, S + was/were + Ving
Pola 2 :
S + was/were + Ving + when + S + V2
Pola 3 :
S + V2 + while + S + was/were + Ving
Pola 4 :
While + S + was/were + Ving, + S + V2,
2. jika ingin mengatakan bahwa sesuatu terjadi pada saat kegiatan lain
terjadi.
Gunakan Pola 1 – 4 di atas.
Contoh :
When Helen arrived, we were having dinner. ( Pola 1 )
It was raining when I got up. (Pola 2)
While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back. (Pola3)
The phone rang while I was typing a letter. (Pola4)
Contoh :
The train had already left when we got to the station. (pola 1)
It was my first time in airplane. I was very nervous because I had never
flown before. (Pola5)
Kegunaan :
Past Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan
yang sudah berlangsung selema beberapa saat di waktu lampau.
Contoh :
We had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible
storm.
Pola Kalimat :
(+) S + will + V1 + ………
S + am/is/are + going to + V1
(-) S + will + not + V1 + ……….
S + am/is/are + not + going to + V1 + …..
(?) Will + S + V1 + ……. ?
Am/is/are + S + V1 + ……. ?
Kegunaan :
Contoh :
“Did you call Ann?” “Oh, no, I forgot. I will do it now.
Pola Kalimat :
(+) S + will + be + Ving
(-) S + will + not + be + Ving
(?) Will + S + be + Ving?
Kegunaan :
1. Future Continuous Tense digunakan jika ingin mengatakan bahwa suatu
kegiatan sedang berlangsung pada saat tertentu di waktu yang akan
datang.
Contoh :
At 10.00 o’clock tomorrow he will be working.
This time next week I’ll be on vacation. I’ll probably be lying on a
beautiful beach.
Pola Kalimat :
Kegunaan :
Future Perfect Tense digunakan jika ingin mengatakan bahwa suatu kegiatan
diperkirakan sudah selesai pada saat tertentu di waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh :
I’m sure that the parcel will have arrived by Tom’s birthday.
Next year is our silver wedding; that means we ‘ll have been married for
25 years.
Pola Kalimat :
just/already/recently/yet/so far/
ever/never
since + ket.waktu
have
since + S + V2
+ V3
didahului superlative :
has
this is the most ~
This is the first/second time
in the last few days
this morning/this evening/ today
this week/this semester
~ before
yesterday
last ~
~ ago V2
in + tahun sebelumnya Did not V1
this morning/this afternoon
V2
When Was
V2 As + Ving
While were
Had + V3 Before V2
when
V2 after Had + V3
at + waktu + tomorrow/next
~ Will + be + Ving
This time tomorrow/next~
when + S + V1
by the time + S + V1
by the end of Will + have + V3
before the end of
Tomorrow Will + V1
Next ~
Am
Is + going to + V1
Are
for +lamanya+by+waktu
for +lamanya+next+ket waktu Will +have+been+Ving
when + S+V1+for+lamanya
I think
I don’t think
Probably
I suppose Will + V 1
I guess
I’m sure
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 2 2
Contoh :
If I have money, I will buy a new car.
Contoh :
If he has enough time, Randi usually walks to school.
Contoh :
If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me.
Catatan :
Unless dapat menggantikan if … not jika menyatakan kekecualian terhadap
apa yang dikatakan.
Contoh :
If you don’t take more care, you’ll have an accident.
Contoh :
If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this week end.
( Saya sebenarnya tidak punya waktu sehingga saya tidak bias pergi).
CATATAN :
Untuk If Clause Type II, kata kerja to be yang digunakan hanya were
untuk semua subjek.
Kata IF pada Conditional Type II dapat dihilangkan tanpa mengubah
makna dengan menggunakan pola inversi.
Contoh :
If he were here, he would tell you about it.
Were he here, he would tell you about it.
Contoh :
If we had known you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(Kalau saja kami tahu kamu berada disana, kami sudah mengirim surat
padamu. Ini berarti bahwa kami tidak mengirim surat karena kami tidak tahu
kamu berada disana).
Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
V1 Will
V1+s Can + V1
IF Am May
Is Kalimat perintah
Are
Would
IF Had + V3 Could + have + V3
Might
would/could/might+have+Verb
3 dan pernyataan berkontradiksi
dengan fakta.
CAUSATIVE 3
Active Causative
Subyek menyuruh/menyebabkan objek (pelaku) melakukan suatu
tindakan.
Pola:
Have
Subject + Make Object Pelaku+ infinitive + object
Let
help
Contoh:
Mary had John wash the car.
(Mary menyuruh John mencuci mobil = John-lah yang mencuci
mobil)
The robber made the teller give the money.
(Pencuri memaksa Teller memberikan uang)
get
Subject + ask Object Pelaku+ To infinitive + object
Contoh:
Mary got John to wash the car.
The robber asked the teller to give the money.
Passive causative
Pola:
have
Subject get + Object (benda) + V3
+
Contoh:
Mary got her car washed.
(Mary menyuruh mobilnya dicuci)
Setiawan has his shirts cleaned at the drycleaner.
(Setiawan menyuruh bajunya dicuci di drycleaner)
RELATIVE PRONOUN 4
A. Who / That
“Who” digunakan untuk menggantikan orang yang
berkedudukan sebagai subyek.
B. Whom / that / -
Catatan :
Kata whom jarang digunakan, namun dalam written English,
Whom dianggap lebih benar daripada who.
C. Whose
D. Which / That
Catatan :
Jangan pernah menggunakan that setelah preposisi. Perhatikan :
This is the school that my children go to.
Contoh :
Mr. Porter’s house, which has been for sale for two years, has just
been sold.
Bandung, in which I live, is famous for peuyeum.
1. is/are/was/were
2. have/has/had
Orang Who 3. will/may/can/must/would/
that could / might/ought
to/should
4. V1 / V2
S + is/are/was/were
have/has/had
Orang Whom will/may/can/must/would/
That could/might/ought to/
should
S + V1 / V2
1. is/are/was/were
have/has/had
Benda Which will/may/can/must/would/
That could/might/ought to/
should
2. V1 / V2
S + is/are/was/were
have/has/had
Benda Which will/may/can/must/would/
That could/might/ought to/
should
S + V1 / V2
V1 + V2
Orang Whose Benda Is/are/was/were
Have/has
nama orang
Tempat Where pronoun
MODALS 5
Bentuk modals:
Can Could
May Might
Must Had to
Will Would
Shall Should
Should -
COULD/MAY/MIGHT
SHOULD
MUST
WILL/SHALL
B. Modal + perfective
Contoh :
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.
Fini failed in the test. She must not have studied.
CONCORD 6
A. Concord of Tenses
Dalam bahasa Inggris, bentuk kata kerja senantiasa berubah-ubah
sesuai dengan keterangan waktu yang mengikutinya.
Contoh :
Dina goes to the beach on Sundays.
Dina went to the beach last week.
C. Concord of Predicate
Contoh:
Due to monetary crisis, the number of people without jobs is
increasing at the moment. (jumlah)
The number of illiterate people in our country has decreased
drastically.
A number of students are making research. ( sejumlah)
7. Bila kata ”either …. or” dan “neither …. nor, kata kerja/verb dan
auxiliary-nya mungkin tunggal ataupun jamak bergantung pada kata
setelah “or” atau “nor” apakah tunggal atau jamak.
Dan kalaupun kata “or” atau “nor” berdiri sendiri verb / auxiliary-
nya tetap ditentukan oleh kata setelah “or” atau “nor”.
Contoh :
It was a miracle that neither the passengers nor the driver
was injured in the accident.
Neither the football players nor their coach was satisfied with
the referee’s decision.
8. Neither of, each of, none of diikuti kata benda jama tetapi selalu
memakai predikat tunggal.
Contoh :
Each of the students has to write a paper.
9. Ungkapan “not only ... but also/as well as ...” menghubungkan
pemakaian kata, frase, klausa yang bentuk dan jenisnya sama dan
setara.
Contoh:
The way professor Mattis teaches English not only keeps the
students” interest but also increases their motivation
Each (of)
Every (of)
Either (of)
Neither (of)
Volume
Berat
Jarak
Uang
Waktu
prosentase
Is
Subyeknya Was
Verb+ing Has
V1+s
V2
Nothing
Nobody
Everything
Everybody
Something
Someone
anything
Uncountable :
Advice,Baggage,
Behavior,Bread,
Chaos,Furniture,
Information,Luggage,
News,permission,
Progress, scenery,
Traffic,travel,trouble,
Weather,work
Much Is
(a)little Was
Has
V1+s
The number of V2
Are
a number of Were
Have
Vi
a number of V2
both (of)
many
much
(a)few
either or Is
Was
Kt.Benda
Kt.Bd.Tunggal Has
V1+s
neither nor V2
either or are
Were
Kt.Benda
Kt.Bd.Jamak Have
V1
neither nor V2
Kt.Benda Or Kt.Benda Is
Tunggal nor Tunggal Was
has
V1+s
V2
Noun Noun
Adjective Adjective
Adverb Adverb
Not only + Phrase + but also/as well as + Phrase
Gerund Gerund
To infinitive To infinitive
PARTICIPLE 7
Active Participle
Active participle atau present participle ialah verb/kt.kerja yang
berakhiran “-ing”: running, passing, crying, dsb. Apabila active
participle didahului oleh ”to be” timbulah pola progressive (continuous
form).
Active participle kerapkali muncul setelah objek dari kt. kerja: see,
hear, smell, feel, watch, notice, listen to, look at, observe, keep, find,
catch, leave, yang mana fungsinya sebagai adjective atau adverb.
PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
When+S+was/were+Verb+ing
Because/Since/As +S+V
GERUND 8
Gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja yang karena kasus tertentu harus
ditambah -ing (Verb-ing).
Contoh:
Would you mind helping me?
We enjoys them again after so many years.
Bob admitted stealing the money.
The coast guard reported seeeing another ship in the Florida
strait.
7. Setelah kata kerja/kata sifat tertentu yang selalu dirangkai dengan
“to” namun harus diikuti gerund (verb-ing)
Contoh:
We are looking forward to going back to school.
Bob confessed to stealing the jewels.
I object to giving you another allowence.
Terdapat sekelompok kata kerja yang dapat diikuti baik gerund (verb-ing)
ataupun to infinitive ( to + Verb 1), yang mana memiliki pengertian
berbeda.
Terdapat kelompok kata kerja yang dapat diikuti gerund ( Verb-ing ) dan to
infinitive ( to + Verb1 ), yang mana arti dan maknanya sama.
Contoh:
He started to study after midnight = he started studying after
midnight.
John hates to ride his bicycle to school = Joh hates riding his
bicycle to school.
* Note:
Gerund setelah kata”need” dan”want” mengandung pengertian pasif.
This gate needs painting = this gate needs to be painted (pintu pagar
perlu dicat)
The room needs decorating = the room needs to be decorated (kamar
perlu didekor)
TO INFINITVE 9
2. Kata kerja setelah kata tanya yang mengawali klausa kata benda
(noun clause)
She wanted to know how to manage the business.
I don’t know what to do.
3. Kata kerja sebagai complement ( object complement dan
impersonal it complement )
He is a nice mail to talk to.
Dcdy is tooyoung to run the business.
It is difficult to adapt in a new environment.
It is easy for me to defeat him,
Contoh :
Prabu expect to begin studying law next month.
Ratu learned to swim when she was young.
Contoh :
The students are not yet able to handle such problem.
Andi is anxious to see his family.
We are ready to pass the test.
Contoh :
Contoh:
He started to study after midnight =he started studying
after midnight.
John hates to ride his bicycle to school = Job hates riding
his bicycle to school.
Verb+ing
Is
…………….. Was
V1+s
Pilih
Pilih
Setelah Kt.Kerja
Admit, anticipate, advise,
appreciate, avoid, consider, Verb+ing
continue, delay, deny,
detest, dislike, enjoy, ……………..
excuse, fancy, finish, keep,
mind, miss, postpone,
practice, recall, regret,
resent,
Noresist,
use risk, resume,
suggest
Be worth
To be busy
Can’t help
Can’t bear
52 To be used to
Cara Mudah Belajar dan Menguasai
Get used to Bahasa Inggris Praktis
To be accustomed to
Setelah Kata/Phrase : Pilih
Object to
Look forward to ……….
Verb+ing
Nunung Suryatna
Kata kerja :
Would like
Would love
Would hate
Would prefer
To infinitive
Kata kerja :
Kata sifat :
Stop Verb+ing
Remember
Forget
Regret
……….
CONJUNCTION 1
0
1. Besides (preposisi)
Besides (adverb)
2. However
3. Otherwise
4. So
5. Therefore
7. Though/although/eventhough
10. And
11. Whereas
Because When
As While
Since
For
PASSIVE VOICE
1
1
Kalimat pasif adalah suatu kalimat dimana subject dikenai tindakan /
pekerjaan / perbuatan, berbeda dengan kalimat aktif dimana subject-
lah yang melakukan perbuatan / pekerjaan / tindakan.
Pola Umum:
to be + Verb 3 (past participle)
Subject pada kalimat pasif berasal dari object pada kalimat aktif.
“be ... ing” dalam aktif menjadi”being” dalam bentuk pasifnya.
Tense pada kalimat pasif mengikuti bentuk kalimat aktifnya.
Verb 3 pada kalimat pasif dibentuk oleh verb pada kalimat
aktifnya.
Hanya kalimat transitif (kalimat yang mengandung object) yang
bisa diubah ke dalam bentuk pasif dan atau kalimat pasif hanya
berlaku bagi kata kerja transitif.
Kalimat pasifdigunakan tatkala ingin menonjolkan hasil tindakan
daripada pelaku tindakan tersebut.
S+V1+O S + is/am/are/+ V3
Simple
Ratu writes a letter A letter is written by Ratu
S + V2 + p S + was/were + V3
Simple
Ratu wrote a letter A letter was written by Ratu
1. Bila terdapat kata `by + agent” (pelaku), pilihlah pola pasif (to be +
V3)
2. Bila subject dari kalimat soal berbentuk benda mati dan kata
kerjanya transitif pilihlah pola pasif
Be + V3
ELIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION 1
2
1. Gabungan setara
Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung ”and”. Gabungan
setara dibagi dua:
a. Positif b. Negatif
a. Positif
“Too” dan’so”digunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat
positif.
# Berauxiliary
Contoh :
My mother will be interested in reading this novel.
My father will be interested in reading this novel
Contoh :
1. Your sister likes seafood and I like seafood.
Your sister likes seafood and I do too
Your sister likes seafood and so do I..
2. The students often come late and the teacher comes late.
The students often come late and the teacher does too.
The students often come late and so does the teacher.
B. Negative
Yanti didn’t like the movie and Tati didn’t like the movie.
Yanti didn’t like the movie and Tati didn’t either.
Yanti didn’t like the movie and neither did Tati.
Contoh :
She always comes late but I don’t.
We don’t have to return the book tomorrow, but he does.
I think that my mother will be interested in reading this
novel while my father won’t.
Andy agreed that everybody has to pay Rp. 50.000,- for the
study tour to Waduk Darma but/while 1 didn’t.
PRONOUN 1
3
Pronoun adalah kata ganti, baik untuk orang (person) maupun benda
(object, thing).
Catatan :
Biasanya tidak terdapat possessive pronoun untuk it atau untuk one.
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Contoh :
I’ll drive you home. ( setelah kata kerja )
I think this book is very good. Can I read it please ? ( setelah
kata kerja )
The examiners were annoyed with me. ( setelah preposisi )
Mark sent me a birthday card. ( sebagai indirect object )
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Nouns
Noun Possessive
Girl Girl’s
Girls Girls’
Men Men’s
People People’s
Reflexive Pronouns
Emphatic Pronouns
DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
1
Direct Speech 4
Contoh:
She yelled at me: “Don’t leave the door open!”
My mother says to my sister: “Brush your teeth!”
“Where are you going?” she asked
Indirect Speech
Bentuk kalimat laporan ini adalah untuk menceritakan kembali
pembicaraan / pendapat seseorang yang mana mengalami modifikasi
tertentu.
A. Command/request
B. Statement
C. Question
A. Command request
Contoh:
Direct Indirect
“Please help me!” she told him. She asked him to help her.
“Don” worry about it!” he said to her. He told her not to worry
“Be quiet!” she yelled at he children. She ordered the children to be
quiet
“Don’t be lazy!” she said to John. She advised John not to be lazy
Direct Indirect
B. Statement
Direct Indirect
I He / she
You Me/he/she/them/I/him/her
My His/her
Our Their/our
Your My/his/her
Direct Indirect
Now Then
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day
The following ….
Last … The ... before
Contoh:
Direct
Indirect
Anto: “I will go now.” Anto said that he would go
then.
Ratu: “They love me.” Ratu told that they loved her.
“I’ve been writing”, Prabu answered. Prabu answered that he
had been writing.
Father: “I was sick yesterday.” Father told that he had been
sick the day before.
C. Question
Bentuk question dibagi dua: (1) berawalan auxiliary
(2) berawalan kt. Tanya
(question word)
(l) Berawalan auxiliary
Apabila pertanyaan itu dimulai dengan auxiliary, yang hanya
membutuhkan jawaban yes/no”, maka dalam hal ini dipakai kata
penghubung ”if” atau ”whether” dalam indirect-nya. Kalimat
tanya indirect ini pertama-tama dirubah kedalam bentuk
pernyataan (statement), lalu diperlakukan perubahan seperti pada
pola statement (bahasan B di atas).
Direct Indirect
Doctor: “Do you usually take a nap?”
Diubah :
You usually take a nap Doctor asked if/whether I
usually take a nap
Direct Indirect
Arief: “How do you spell your name?”
You spell your name → Arief asked how I spelt my
name.
Lia : “Where can you keep your money safely?”
You can keep your money safely.→ Lia asked me where I could
keep my Money safely.
Ingat-ingat pola berikut:
WORD ORDER 1
5
WordDirect Indirect
Order adalah urutan penempatan subjek, predikat, objek,
I
komplemen he/she dalam suatu kalimat sesuai dengan
dan part of speech
Youdan fungsinya.
jabatan me/he/she/them/I/him/her
My his/her
PolaOur their/our
Umum susunan kalimat bahasa Inggris adalah sbb.:
Adverb of Subject Verb Object Adverb Adverb Adverb
Time of of Place of Time
Manner
Last week I Went To the
movier
I bought A good yesterday
seat
He Took Her To a Last
hospital night
Andi Ran quickly
/her
QUESTION TAG 1
6
A. Pengantar
Contoh :
Tony is ill, isn’t he ?
Your father is a teacher, isn’t he?
Nia didn’t come late, did she?
There were many problems in our lives, weren’t there?
Those birds couldn’t fly, could they?
Perkecualian :
I’m very diligent, aren’t I ?
Contoh :
I am not ver late, am I ?
The students are in the library, aren’t they ?
It is not a holiday, is it ?
Contoh :
He can swim very well, can’t he?
They should have won the game, shouldn’t they?
1. S + V1 don’t
Contoh :
You teach English at this school, don’t you ?
The students like their teacher, don’t they?
2. S + V1+s doesn’t
Contoh :
He speaks English well, doesn’t he?
Dini takes an English course, doesn’t she?
3. S + V2 didn’t
Contoh :
You came late yesterday, didn’t you?
She submitted the paper last week, didn’t she?
Contoh :
You have never gone to paris, have you ?
She seldom comes home late, does she ?
They can hardly do it, can they?
Few students spoke English fluently, did they ?
Perkecualian :
A few dan a little dianggap positif sehingga question tag-nya
harus negative.
Contoh :
A few people knew the answer, didn’t they?
A little progress has been made, hasn’t it ?
Contoh ;
I believe she will come soon, won’t she?
I wish he knew her address, didn’t she?
FUNCTIONAL SKILL
1
7
Functional Skills merupakan kemampuan menggunakan bahasa dalam tindak tutur
(speech act) guna melangsungkan suatu komunikasi atau interaksi dalam konteks
pragmatis, yaitu untuk berkomunikasi.Tindak tutur bahasa meliputi kemampuan
menyampaikan pikiran dan perasaan kepada orang lain, cara-cara memberi
nasehat, anjuran, perintah, permohonan, dan peringatan, tata cara memberi salam,
berkenalan, meminta maaf, cara mengungkapkan keheranan, ketidaksetujuan,
kepastian, keraguan, kehawatiran, berterima kasih, mengajak, dll.
Ungkapan tegur sapa atau salam yang biasa digunakan ketika bertemu
seseorang adalah sebagai berikut :
Sapaan Respon
Hi Hi
Hello Hello
Good morning Good morning
(diucapkan waktu bertemu seseorang
antara jam 01.00-12.00)
Good day Good day
(diucapkan waktu bertemu seseorang pada
tengah hari/pk.12.00)
Good afternoon Good afternoon
(diucapkan waktu bertemu
seseorang antara pk.13.00 –
18.00)
Good evening Good evening
(diucapkan waktu bertemu
seseorang antara pk.18.00
sampai pk.24.00)
Sapaan Respon
How are you ? I’m fine, thank you.
How are you doing? Very well, thank you.
How is it going on? Pretty well, thanks.
How’s life? Not so bad, thanks
How have you been?
How are you feeling?
Nice to meet
Glad to see you. My name’s ……….
Happy to know I’m ……..
EXPRESSING THANKS
( Mengucapkan Terima Kasih )
You’re welcome.
That’s all right.
That’s OK.
It’s a pleasure.
Pleasure.
It is no trouble.
It is nothing.
Not at all.
Okay
Certainly
Of course
Sure
Not at all
All right
Of course not
Dan untuk menolaknya dapat digunakan ungkapan :
Yes,
I’m sorry
I believe so
Offering Help
( Menawarkan Bantuan )
Untuk menawarkan bantuan, dapat digunakan ungkapan-ungkapan berikut:
May I help you? What can I do for you?
Can I help you? How can I assist you?
Could I help you? How can I help you?
How can I be of assistance to you? Let me help you?
How can I be of help to you? Do you want me to help you?
What can I help you? Shall I…..?
Offering Something
(Menawarkan Sesuatu )
Jawaban untuk menerima tawaran antara lain: Yes, please; sure; why not; of
course; certainly; I’d love to; It’s a good idea; That’s great. Sementara untuk
menolak suatu tawaran digunakan ungkapan: No, thanks; Please don’t
bother; I’d love to but….; It’s a good idea but….; That’s great but…..
Apologizing
( Meminta Maaf )
Jawaban untuk permintaan maf yang berarti mau memaafkan adalah: Not at
all, That’s alright, no problem atau it doesn’t matter, sedangkan apabila
seseorang merasa jengkel/marah [ tidak mau memaafkan ] digunakan
ekspresi So you should be.
Kalau kita berada di suatu tempat asing, seringkali kita harus meminta
petunjuk jalan kepada orang yang tidak kita kenal. Dan tentu saja, kita
mungkin diminati petunjuk jalan oleh orang lain.
Inviting
( Mengundang/Mengajak )
Invitation digunakan untuk mengajak melakukan sesuatu. Ungkapan ajakan
lazimnya dinyatakan dengan Let’s Verb I/be+kt.Sifat; Why don’t we….?;
How about….?; Would you care for….?; I’d like to invite you to….; Would
you like to….?; I wonder if you’d like to….
A : Let’s speak English !
Respon
Advice/Suggestion
Menerima Menolak
- Why don’t you see the Yes, I will Oh, I don’t think
doctor? it is necessary
- Have you thought of seeing Yes, May be I should
the doctor?
- It would be a good idea to Yes, I suppose I
see the doctor. should
- Perhaps you should lie I guess not
down. Yes, I guess I should
- Perhaps you had better lie
down. Yes, I will
- Perhaps you ought to lie
down. May be
EXCLAMATIONS
(Kalimat Seru)
Kalimat seru digunakan untuk menyatakan kekaguman, pujian, rasa jengkel,
simpati, rasa cemas, sakit, dll.
Selain menggunakan What dan How, untuk menyatakan pujian dapat pula
menggunakan ungkapan-ungkapan berikut :
Pujian Respon
Excellent ! Thanks
Great! Thank you
You are Wonderful! Really
Lovely! It’s verry kind of you to say so.
That’s Marvelous! Oh you should say so.
Perfect!
Terrific!
Perhatikan contoh :
Untuk menyatakan rasa kesal atau jengkel terhadap diri sendiri ataupun
orang lain dapat digunakan ungkapan-ungkapan seperti dalam contoh berikut
ini :
Bert ; You’re late, Margaret. I’ve been waiting for half an hour.
Margaret : Oh dear! (=aduh!) I’m sorry.
Don : Darm it! (=Sialan!) The mower’s broken! Now I can’t mow
the lawn.
Jane : Oh, hang it all! (=Persetan!) I’ve made a mistake in these
figures! What a nuisance!
Iwan : You’re going to marry before the end of the year, aren’t you,
Christ?
Christ : Go on! Nonsense! (= Omong kosong!)
Meminta Pendapat :
+ + - +
I think it’s going to rain. I don’t think it’s going to snow.
He thinks she works hard. He doesn’t think she works hard
I think she’s making tea. enough.
I don’t think she’s making coffee.
Pola –pola kalimat ini berbeda dengan bahasa Indonesia. Dalam Bahasa
Inggris, kata kerja think/suppose dijadikan negatif, dan kata kerja kedua
tetap berbentuk positif.
+ + - +
I suppose he’ll come to I don’t suppose you know the
the party – he likes parties answer.
I suppose she’s finished – I don’t suppose you can give me
it’s 5 o’clock. the address.
Like Dislike
Yes, I love it No, I don’t like it very
Do you like it/travelling? Yes, very much much
It’s all right No, I hate it
I am keen on it.
It’s very good. I don’t like it. It’s too
What do you think of the hot.
food? I like it. It’s
How do you like the delicious. It’s not very good.
food? It’s all right. It’s awful.
It’s excellent. I think it is terrible.
Warning ( Peringatan )
Peringatan Respon
Prohibition ( Larangan )
Prohibition adalah cara-cara melarang melakukan sesuatu, merupakan
kebalikan dari suruhan dan permohonan. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, melarang
umumnya diungkapkan dengan Jangan….! Atau Tidak boleh….!
Bila yang dilarang berupa kegiatan, gunakanlah Don’t Verb 1 dan bila yang
dilarangnya berupa kata-kata sifat, gunakanlah Don’t be….( adjective
/adverb ).
Contoh
Don’t go away !
Don’t smoke here !
Don’t tell a lie !
Don’t be lazy !
Don’t be careless !
Don’t be afraid !
P : Don’t forget me !
Q : No, I won’t.
Dapat pula menggunakan ungkapan: You must not….; You are not allowed
to….; I forbid you to….; I am fraid I can’t let you…; You are not permitted
to…..
Congratulating
( mengucapkan Selamat )
1. Menyampaikan/Titip Salam :
Please remember me to your family. = Sampaikan salam saya ke
keluarga anda.
Give my best regards to Mary. = Sampaikan salam saya ke Mary.
Give my love to Bob. = Titip salam untuk Bob.
Respons :
Thanks.
Thank you
Thanks, I’m sure I will.
3. Ucapan sebelum interview atau ujian.
TELEPHONE CONVERSATION
Bagi seseorang yang bekerja di suatu perusahaan atau salah satu seksi/
bagian, hendaknya menyebutkan nama perusahaan/organisasinya atau
nama seksinya. Contoh :
Bank of America.
PMI
Yayasan Nurani Indonesia
SMK Veteran Cirebon
Information.
Administration Section.
Mr. Brown’s office.
2. Jika orang yang menerima telepon ternyata bukan orang yang kita
maksudkan, maka gunakan ungkapan berikut :
READING COMPREHENSION
1
8
Ruang Lingkup
Menemukan pesan utama dalam teks tulis
Menemukan informasi rinci, tertentu
Menemukan makna tersurat dan tersirat
Menafsirkan makna kata sesuai konteks
a. Sebuah teks antara lain berarti segala bentuk tulisan yang ada pada
sebuah buku, artikel, dal lainnya yang mempunyai makna.
b. Ada 2 bentuk teks : 1. Non continuous, dan 2. Continuous
Yang dimkasud dengan non continuous texts misalnya brosur, label,
grafik, table, map, diagram, formulir, leaflet, jadwal, dan lainnya.
Sedangkan continuous texts misalnya bentuk narasi, eksposisi,
deskripsi, argumentasi, instruksi, dan dokumen.
c. Sebuah paragraph adalah bagian dari sebuah tulisan/teks dan
mungkin saja terdiri dari sebuah kalimat atau sekumpulan kalimat
yang mengembangkan sebuah pokok pikiran/main topic/main idea.
d. Kalimat yang menggambarkan main idea/pokok pikiran dari sebuah
paragraph disebut topic sentence.
e. Topic sentence biasanya ada pada awal atau akhir sebuah paragraph.
Kadang-kadang ada di tengah sebuah paragraph.
f. Sebuah paragraph yang baik hanya membahas satu subjek. Subjek
inilah yang disebut topic noun.
g. Fungsi dari topic sentence adalah meringkas atau menekankan topic
noun/pokok bahasan. Topic sentence menceritakan tentang topic
noun.
Terdengan di kaset
Terdengar di kaset :
Woman : Is 8 p.m. next Tuesday convenient for you ?
Man : Well, actually I’d rather come in the afternoon.
Woman : You mean after 1 p.m.
Man : Let’s make it 2 o’clock.
Tertulis di lembar soal :
1. What time will the visitor come to see the manager next Tuesday?
a. 8 in the morning
b. Before 1 p.m.
c. At 1 p.m.
d. 2 in the afternoon
Pembahasan : Let’s makeit 2 o’clock maksudnya 2 p.m. jadi respon
yang tepat adalah D.
Terdengar di kaset
Question 2 -3 refer to the following announcement.
Your attention please. Dueto a technical problem, Garuda Indonesia
Airlines flight number GA 825 leaving for Makasar and Biakscheduled
at 10.15 is delayed for approximately 30 minutes. Thank you.
a. Stationary
b. Grocery
c. Electronic
d. Fruit
Pembahasan : Karena yang dijual adalah mie dan terigu, maka barang-
barang tersebut termasuk barang kelontong atau grocery.
Terdengar di kaset
Man : Hi, Paula. Great to see you. How is everything with you?
Woman : Hi, John. Nice to see you again. I’m alright.
Man : I’d like you to meet Tom. My cousin. He serves
passengers on a plane.
Woman : Hello, Tom. Glad to know you.
Terdengar di kaset
DAFTAR PUSTAKA