A n a T l ia s t i as Kn ntaa ngdiga P r o pS iun ms Ua tt ae rr aa ei i M a r k A e n t ai nol ygf so i tsi an Proo v i n Ncf eo S tuhater a P t o r m L u hS ui ht o m b i n g

P e n dg Dia ej aSp r ot . Es ika ol nP oe m t aiF na ki aPu nel t,r at U n iUM ,ne d2 a0 n1 5 5 r as S a D i t e 2r 9Jmu 200 5/ Dis e t 3 0Au g u 200u5s i na i u j i st

T h rees erc ahw a d s o in n te h p e r o d cu ec nto i t ofp e nor tN a ot oSumh a ( t De icirt saof t r rt T a n K a a h rD o a, Si r i im, a al u n nTag pu anU n t ua i lrni A )u g 2u 0s 0t 4T .h o e b j e oc ft hi v e e s d a r e s w aet rorkc e nh omarke st t r u mc keau chr ea ,an ne thedl e f ief en occ pot a mt o a r kThee t i n g . e w t tr fy f i g u sr ewersd ep r i ma na s dre y dar oy dn a b t yau s it nh des c r iap nt s dvt ae at i ns at iThe a s l i s . c ge i lc y r e si nu dedt i ct ha thaet mar k e s t yi ns ogt pef m ti na r te o s ea ar wr caanh s oe t fie f inyc te These l t o e t. m a wt t e s rh es o w t nh d e e c rob efy a rs mes he par sr eot hf i net , c r oe marks e tmi n n, r g i fa ag m a r r agat i n omd a f rl g ati ntme nomid d ls ea m th deeden c loi nthf eecor r e lc a o t ei o fandi c i e n t i a n g n nf p r ti cr ae n s em l a i s T st hi comint iyo .nl oe mt a r sk ye s t cti nea bgmn ed s o bn yse t r e n the t h e n i n g coe p f g e x i is n t ti (ni ft gau rt gro ue apr ns v d i l ul a n og i ra ioen ) s, ot h t ah mte a r f ku en t csi ntu igaoc shn s m e pte t m kea itrn f o ra mn mdanaat g o e n rm i sc eka bn et p ed. m i s i n o ti K e y w e of f ri d mfse :na cr kcy eh el i on mfn ,a ngr k,e el at ois pft ir cti cri tae y n on. m i s s i co i ta g s P e n ei nl di it ii laa nkdi u P k r ao npSumn sa iUt e t ra da r ea n, lgo ak snaa s mi s pe en lt r a i s e n t r a k pe rn o (t da un kg su Ti pa a n K aea hnD o a, Si r i im, a l du an Tng a u p n aU nt au rl ia ) K a b t r p a bd ua lJ au 200 3 T. u j up ae n ei n l ai i t di aau nl na m u ek n g s et ur uap kha tuss iaa rl u, r a n nl i th rt t a t a dn ai en fg i sa pi ee nm s ak se an r tDatnnay g a . nd gi g u nm a ek ladi pn put art i m e r a i aa a dan s e k u An nd ae ylr ia.s ndi s gi g u na ad kaaal nan isahd l ie s s k ra ianp n t ia fs l it sa i ts H s ilat i sk a . d i p e n em l i et ina un nb jau hsk teks mp n e m ak se an rdt aadi nna geph e n eb lei tl eiua fmin s i e n . w a i ra H ai nld i i c i or il ker eah n d a h so nhf yipa t aer et ta i n gi , marki ne y tmai n n,g rn g i si m aa hr g i n p r g a b k e u n ty u a nkn gug ar m n e gr ai nt atm a leir daemn, r e n d an hi kl an o iy e a kf i os ir dee anl an s i n d a d e l a s tra i ns is t hm as i rsUgi pa ap ye an y e m s ips uttaer tnma a nda i aan pdg ai t te md ep nu gh a n t a . p e n g ke al et m n by aa gna agd a(aKn e l o m a pnd oia k K U D s) e, h i nf ug ng ga s i - f u n g s i u a T n t a t a s npeeri at i ign af o pr ma sra iam rki ,a n ad j ae bpm ea ekt s nee rc oj a p r ta i m a l . s K a k t ua n e cf i s: pi ee nm s ai s sa a l tur a r tan a n, en li a sgt tra ias, ni ht saams r gi s a i .

A b stra ct

A b stra k

P e n d a h u lu a n
M e n Du i rn u a e s r t Ta an ni a a nm a n Pt P a n gP ar n p S i nu sm i aU tt ea trraaa h u n o 2 0 0 1 k e n t a n g ( S nu l m o a tu bsu rom ) e d i n y as te a b k k a ogn m t i ah s o r t i k u l t u r a a odi a u n g g u la n y a n g m e m ilik i k e u n g g u la n k o m p Da ar s ar ei tt gikenii. s a, g r i ibn i is n i s f s u dc au hk b u e p r k e dm a mn ae nn gdy ie b a r b b a n y a k tan d i S u m aU t t ea r r aa , Kecam a t e r u ta m a K a b u p a t e n K a r o , D a ir i d a n S i m a l uK no gn us nt e.n rt brterda s p ia a r t e ae d Ki a b u Kp aa( rBoeP n2 0 0 2 ) . t S,

D a s r ei pg ri o ivd t ua d ks a t m u t u , i n k e n tr a nkd ygPi ar o pS i un m i Ua t ae r a t s s u dt e h g co ul ok t nui ngp gD ge i n. kg aa tn a a r l a hi n u a l ug r ikb oi sm n ioi ns sdi ui t dao asn ht r .a Sc uk sb i s t pe am s c a - pt er or ud tu a k ms i a, p e m a ms ae r au bnp aa gky iaa nnp ga l i n g l e m p ae hr j ak loa mn aok nde n t m a s un lga i i ta d a p r ei tprao nd i u ss ea nm k pek ao in s u m e n a k hy i ar ,nd gi c i rdi ke an ngr ea n d a h n y a s h pa er etdal an mikeg ana tt a t ga ya. i a a i a n M e n g in g a t u m u m n y a m o t iv a s i p e t a n e i n a kn ea nmt aa dn agul an ht u k m

94

Ju rn a lIlm ia hPerta n ian U LT U R A Vol. 40 No. 2 Septem b er K 2005

m e m pu ea rntoug l nem ah ei pl a e l n ij u a l a n u h a s iln y a s e b a g a i u p a y a m e m e n u h i k e b u hitd uu hkp a nl u a mr g a ag k na a yi r a ,h e p e t ua nn timu ke n i n pg rk oa ddt ka akn n i u s m u kt u n ty angn dg i h a s isl ka an ng na yt a e a d i t e n ot ul e kt hi an ngr eg ni d ah ha nr yg a y a dn igma. rT i n rg e g n i d h ah yrn gay ana g te a d i t e rp i em t ae nr ai t kd ae i nt ag na nn y a k e a ds uk r at pun ar ds a brn e s am r n ry ga i n ta a p e mran a, ss ea h i un ng tgmu a ke n i n g k a t k a n p e mran a pet aa nk ie n tda an pdg ai ct a p a i s a p a b ila s t r u k t u r p a s a r d a n p e n y e b a b t i n g m i an pry gea saran ad i k e t a h u i . g im n S i s t pe em m ad si a n ae nfg i sa ipe n r g a p a mb i el am ed na sur yi h a i yr a ti( t,1u ) m a m p u m e n y a m p a i k a nh a s i l - h a s i l d a r i p e tpa rno i d ku e s pe kanod na s ud m n e g n a n e b i a s ye am u r a hd -am(n2 u ) ma a m ypa u r h n m e n g a p d e a mk ab nya ag ni a g dn di l a r i k e s e lh u a r yru gah anda ginb ak y a rs u m e n on a k kh ei rp sa ed ma p ui h aya a k nt eg li akut h s e r t a d a la m k e g ia t a n p r o d u k s i d a n p e mran a s a b a ra n g te rs e b u t(M u b y a rto , 1 9 8 0 ). G e ja la r e n d a h n y a h a r g a y a n g d i t e pr iem t p nr oiend u rs ka at i t a n n y a a e d e n gk ae na dpem asaran y a nk gu r a n g a an e f i s hi eai nl s,i e r di ni tgu n dj ue kn k g a a n n g e j besl rny a m a r pg ei nm a ds a nr a n a aa s t r u pk sart u yr a n t da k a t a k uu r a n g a gi b e r s ae imn gp( Au zr zn 198n 2o ),. aa i P e n e lit ia n in i d ila k s a n a k a n m gg nu an a k e n p e n d e k a ta n a p a y a n g t e r j(whatd hi a p schoe on( lC) r a dma e r a p s n J e n s 1 9 7 9d ) e n gs au nr m eel iusn u e r i en, v k o m o d it a s m u la i d a r i p e ta n i p r o d u s e n s a m p a i k e k o n s u m e n a k h ir . S a m p e l p e n e dl ii tl ai a k nsu e k c apa nur ar p ko es i v e w i l a sy e a nh yt r a a iDes a S i gngga il ni g ,t u u n tK u a k b u Dp a Dti reei ,nM a e ur en kt u k s K a b u p a te n K a ro S e d a n g k a n sa m p e l p e d a dg iat n tg a cepar ka ac cn iald de in t e s a p a s a rt -i pn agk ske aac rta mk a bt au np , a t e n d a pn r o pA i nl a s tni . ay l ai s n i sg gak u a n n d i m e l ai pn u a mli i sa i rsp g e i m a y s aa nr g n t n a t e r d i r i d a r i b i a y a pem rans ,a a m a r g in
i

k e u n t un ni sg b aman ha, kr j ei nu n t u n g a n , a n ak l oi s r hies al adr gsa aian n a e l li as is s t i s i t a s t r a n h s amyr gai sai iet ub ba eg r ai ki u t : m i j= P i s Pbi, a t a u mji = b i + I t I = m ji bti t o mt a al pr ge i mran aada al a h : n s mj = m ji, a t aPru Pf K e nge ar a : t n m i = m a pr ga ilde am pb ea m aa s a r a n j n g t i nat gk ke - i P i s = h a jr ug leam l ga ap e m at i sn ag r ka a n t a b k e -i Pbi = h a br geleml i b a ge am at i sn a g r ka an t a p k e -i b i t = b i ap ye am alems agb r apa en m a s a r a n a t i nat gk ke - i I = k e u n tl eu m gpema ngranas a n ba a t i nat gi k mj = t o mt a inl rp ge mran a s a a = h a pr ga atd i na eg k sa pt o r t i r Pr Pf = h a pr ga tad i na g e atp atr no id u s e n p k U n tau n k an l i s bms a ah rk ge i un n ts ue nc mg aa ant e, d ma pad ai it tsu ls i es kb aa ng a i i a r t

I
b e r= u t: ik

bti

( U ah nl Kd o 1 9 , ) . h 80 l

B a hd aa Mn e t o d a n

D e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a nm o d e l p e n d u g a r e gl i rn ese e a id r e (OL Sm n ea s)t h o d s rh a = b o+ b 1+ c , m a k a :

bi =

Xi.Yi
2 X1

S e h i nhub gu an g h a a n r pg aa d t ai n g k a (Ptf) dane ht a npr gia atd i na ge k as pt o r t i r g p ( P) , s e ph ea rlpn iey ra s a m a a n : r t Pf = a + b rP D a p r ei r s a t m r as ae kb adu ni td , a p a t k a n e an k o e f ik s oi er en l a s i a n t aPf r d a nPr. a r K o e fk i os ir (r) n,l aa ns Pf ad r aaPndapat ee ti d i d u g a d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a nf o r m u l a ( S u p 19 8 5 o) :, ra n t

r=

xi .yi x .y i
2 2

K e nge a r a : t n Xi = h a dr gti i an pg ekni at at Yi = h a dr tgi i an kg ok n st u m e n / e k s p o r t i r a

d e m ik ia n b e s a r n y a p e n d a p a t a n b e r s ih p e t a nr oi d ua sd ea Rl ap h1 0 48 . 00 p n . .7 4 /h a /th n .

1 . 2 P. e dnga Desa aRan ing g / t U m u m n y a p e la k u p e m a s a r a nin i m K o e f i ks oi e r nye ngla a s i t i n m g e i r u p ian k d a i kn k a e t eo r a t am n e m ptip u eyn ay nsa agi n a g k a t ti fe n c a r i g h u b uh na prg ga adnke a d ut i an gp ka a(s kta e r dp ua ats e a r ri n seme gp rua rSebi aa ) l .i k n yp a a s ok ke an nts aa nm gk pel a di a e tg a n i . t sn pn k o e f i s i ye an nr keg on rad auta l m s e i n dn eom kl e tn i u n j u k k ha un b n g a n e h a a P e d a i n b ai e n r gk e d uid e sum ak e,a r ne k a g d p a s t ai drt ae kr i n t e g Er al as si t i s i t a s t r a n sh ma mr i gs eia r u per as ke anp nt ea rs u e bh aa hrd gtai i an g k a dt a pb ae tr t si ne dn ad kai r mi ,s uengnr ki a l i p n p e t ap nr oi d ua sk ei pbn ea rt s e n t a s he a pr ged ari ut ibn ag hkk aoa nt s au km h ei r n. s u d ma hadi n p j e r p a nt aj an ngd gaa anr ni e A nisi as el l a s t ir s a i tn a s shm a dir s gi ig a u n ua nk tam n ke n g g a r me sb pha oar nkr ga an u s ul y l k e n t da int ign gp ke at ap nr oi dk ua sr pe en ra u bh aa hdr git ia n ge k as m o e r lt ai rl u p i e n g ud me np gb ae nr bm e ok da al n g t a n pt i n f o hr m rUag nsa itm.u ke n g lh a i st ut i ns igtrta a ns s m ai sr dig i ag u n a k a n d i b e r i k a n o l e h p e n g u m p u l ,d a p a t j u g a a e h b e r d a p s ea r rmk pi nn t da aa ran at inn gg ae gn a t pa eu mian bp ee rd ap ge an ng gu m p u l . 1 . 3 .P e d a Pg e a nnpul u m gg P e d a g a n g ini m e r u p a k a nin d u k p e d a ranti an nd ge ys a n g r k e d u d u k a n g g be a t ab ue r da as k ar ei l c a ms e a n tada t inar iu l a i n Fn uy na t g.a st ai yn ngi a d g i pa e r a n k a n a m e r e k a um u m n y a a d a la h s o r t a s i, p e n g e m a s a n d a la m k e r ng n j a a d an t r a n s bp a od i rkam ra i as ui ,kp epu en d b eg asa nn kotrg at ar . t a a 1 . 4 .P e d a Bg ea s n a gr P e d a bgsara yn a g nt egbar dlt i a l a m e t a t a nk ei a n g t ta e nr adg t i atrig is a y, a i t u p e d a b gsara an ngkt ao rp a e , d a bg ea sn a g r e t k o Mt a e d da anpn e d a bg ea spn arg or p i n s i . P e d a bg ea sni nagmr e mp ei l ir kya ian n g i s a n bg ea std a a r l ap me m b e hn at ur gk a n k e n t Tapei n pg e. dng a bg ea si naai rd da u a m cam P. e r t pa em d a a ,yg nga lann gg s u n g a a b e r h u db eu n gg a nnpa rno i d du as ne n p et p e d a y g a a h n a g nb ye ar h u db eu nn gg aa nn n g p e d a p g e a n n g g du kim e pc a m a t a n . u l 1 . 5 A g e n p o d r atE n rk s p o r t i r . Eks i B a ik a g e n e k s p o r t ir m a u p u n e k s p o r t ir u m u m n y a b e r k e d u d u k a nd i i i b u propi nt asd i a n a b u pU an t teu nk . ko k w i l aK ya adr ha Dai r umu mya nm e r e k a o n i b e r d od mB ri as idss tal aiMn g e i d Ra an t. a i r a vt ao l u e mk se ap do ar6tl 7 0t o n / b u l a n a h d e n g a n n gar a e t u ju a n S in g a p u r a d a n

f o r m u la :

K e nge a r a : t n nj = E l a st tr ias ni ht saambsr =saKi o e Rf i es ige rn e s i gi Pf = H a dr gti i an p e atp atr no id u s e n g k Pr = H a dr gti i an eg k sa pt o r t i r

1 P nj = . f b Pr

H a ds ai Pn e m b a h a s a n l
1 . P e l Pa e m a s a r a n k u 1 . 1 P. e t a n i P e ta n i k e n ta n g d i p e n e b l iet ir al an dnt,eaa nndgge n g u a a n s k l e f e0 k, 2 i h1 ad e n jga art an n 2 0x 6 0 t f k a m c m a t a4 u0 x 7 0 c m D. e n gd ae nm i k i a n j u m p l oa ph u laa ds ai1l 1y5ha5 rum p u n n .a t i a h p e k Wt a a r ky. ta u nd gi b u t du ah rk i a n p e n a ns a m p aa nn s iee nk3 i ,t 5b ru l a n . pa a P r o ivid t ua rks at t a 1 r 0a33 a784 k g / h a . - .t , B i a py rao dy ua kn sg pi e ra l du akR lap nh d i a 1 923 060 0ha/ d e n gr aa tn ah a nry g a a n g . . d i t e R i p 2 a. 00 / k m a p ae n e r i m a a n r m 9 g k t o at ad laR l p2.h 9 7 .900 0 / h aD / te hn ng . a n a .9

d a e ra h

M a l a Fy us ni aug . ts ai m a a nd gi jnk al a n y a a d a l a h gra d , i n g p e n y im p a n a n d a n pengem asan. 1 . 6 P. e n g o l a h P e l ap ke un gp o a l dam a a r ta a n t a i h t a t a kn nta a n gbg ae n o t l ua k(h k ar nd p i i k ) ei i M e dP ar o pS iun ms Ui a t t pe rar atad a a h u n n a 2 0 0 2 e r cb ae t r aj ut9 m p al k,b hnr ai m u n t a b a n uy sa akr hu am tana gh gy a nbeg l u m t e r cK apast ai t tpa . rs o dk ue krk i ntpai i nk g a se b a m u e n c5a 1p , 2 t5n s e t de r na g a n r a io a 1 2 ,1 2 5t o bn a hb aa nk e n tDa en ng g. a n 8 u d e m i rk ei at en i n, td i keo oxn m o i nd i t a s
Sub-sistem Produksi

b e r sk ei sb a9 r 9 a, 9r S e. d a n g osi da un k es 5 p r k k e s e l u r u h a nk e n t a n g s e g a r d i S u m Ua t t me r reaa n 2 5 .4 a5 i1 o n . a ca 2 t p

P r o p in s i

2 .R a nPemasaai r a n t A d a t ig a r a n t a i p e m a s a r a n k e n t a n g . P e r ,t a m a dar i p e ta n i k e pe da ga n g p e n g u pme p ub ge a-gen ge k s p o r t i r , - d a lsar an e k s p o r t i r s e l a n j u t n y a die k s p o r m e l a l u i p e l a b Bu eh l a nwKe ad ,n u .ma u dl a a i r i p e t a n oi d uk es pe uan st p a s t ai nr ,g k a t p r k a b u p a t e n d i l aann j u t k ke p u sa t p a sa r p r o p edn as n k() M m uk dp i e n g e c e r i i ,e e a d a an k h ki rekn oy na s ua m hKe iern .t i g a , k
Sub-Sistem Pemasaran Kentang segar Sub-Sistem Pengolahan Kripik Dalam Negeri

Sub Sistem Pra Produksi

Dalam Negeri

Luar Negeri

Pdg Desa

Eksportir

Pengecer

Merek Dagang

Pdg Pengumpul

Pdg Besar

(I)
Grosir

(II)
Grosir

(III)
Eksportir

Pengecer

Pengecer

Konsumen Sumatera utara

Kosumen Jakarta/Jawa

Konsumen Luar Negeri

Gambar 1. Skema saluran tataniaga kentang di Sumatera Utara

Tabel 1. Marjin, biaya, marjin keuntungan dan nisbah marjin keuntungan pada tataniaga kentang dari petani produsen sampai ke eksportir (saluran I) Tahun 2003
No 1. 2. Uraian Harga jual petani produsen Harga beli pedagang Desa Harga jual pedagang Desa/Ranting - Biaya a. transportasi b. marketing loss c. bongkar muat - Marjin keuntungan - Nisbah marjin keuntungan Harga beli pedagang Harga jual pedagang - biaya a. transportasi b. marketing loss c. bongkar muat - marjin keuntungan - nisbah marjin keuntungan Harga beli pedagang besar Harga jual pedagang besar - Biaya a. transportasi b. marketing loss c. bongkar muat - Marjin keuntungan - Nisbah marjin keuntungan Harga beli eksportir Harga jual eksportir - Biaya a. transportasi b. marketing loss c. bongkar muat d. bea cukai - Marjin keuntungan - Nisbah marjin keuntungan Free on Board Rp/Kg 2.750,75 2.750,75 2.925,25 40,49 6,21 25,12 9,16 134,51 3,92 2,925 3,075 20,76 5,35 11,20 4,21 129,24 6,23 3.075 3.165 27.72 4.22 17.25 6.25 62.28 2.25 3.165 369.9 239.90 21.10 207.15 10.00 1.50 265.15 1.10 3669.9 100 0.76 0.11 0.47 0.17 1.70 0,57 0,15 0,31 3,52 % 74,95

1,10 0,17 0,68 3,67

3.

4.

5.

6.53 0.57 5.64 0.27 0.04 7.22

6.

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p r o d r ua kt asy i-a r da git ka e l pu ea tr ak na in n a d a2 l .a2 h,8 5 / k dg e, n d e m s i hk ai a r ne 67 gan p e t a nd ia sl ae hb eR s pa .484 , 8 8t i a p r k i l o ga rt as m k 1i t3a 1 % d a h r ai r g a ue ,2 r k o n s ua m Jhiekidrnai. b a n dd i en ng gk aa n k s h a r e p e d a g a n g p e ump gu l n m u la i d a r i p e t pa rn o i d su as m nk p o a n i s u a mk he inr e j u m i lna ti he r g or laelt oi fkn eg cT i ol . t a l s h aped e a g pa en ng pul ua m a 5l a9 h1 , 1 8 r g d (1 6 ,1 1 . %) N i s b a h mar j i n k e u n tu n g a np a d a m a -mai nnggi t i n gl e k ma tbp ae gm a a s a r a n s s m e n y tide ab km r e rma te a n g g a m b a r k a n a a d a n y a k e s e n j a n g a n tin g k a t k e p u a s a n d i a nl et am r abp ae gm a a ( sS aa re a f ne u d d i n ,

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