Jenis-Jenis Batuan
Rock is a hard, coherent material comprising individual particles or crystals. It is discontinuous in the sense that it is broken to a greater or lesser extent by joints and fractures but it is not significantly weakened when saturated with water.
Pelbagai batuan yang telah dijumpai ketika berada di kawasan kajian, iaitu di Kampung Batang Batu. Namun begitu, satu kajian telah dijalankan untuk memastikan batuan ini merupakan batuan batu kapur ataupun sebaliknya.
2.2 Jenis-jenis Tanih
Soil, or also called regolith, by contrast is a weak, unconsolidated deposit which forms an essentially continous mass lacking significant joints or fissures, but which is further weakened when saturated with water. This definition of soil includes unconsolidated weathering and sedimentary deposits as well as materials we would more normally regard as soils (Gupta A., 2005).
2.3 Proses Luluhawa
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soils and minerals as well as artificial materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, biota and waters. Weathering with no movement, and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, snow, wind and gravity. Two important classifications of weathering processes exist is physical and chemical weathering. Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice and pressure. The second classification, chemical weathering, involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals (Gupta A., 2005).
The materials left over after the rock breaks down combined with organic material creates soil. The mineral content of the soil is determined by the parent material, thus a soil derived from a single rock type can often be deficient in one or more minerals for good fertility, while a soil weathered from a mix of rock types often makes more fertile soil. In addition many of Earth's landforms and landscapes are the result of weathering processes combined with erosion and re-deposition.
2.4 Proses Pergerakan Jisim
2.3 (a) 2.3 (b)
Mass movement is the downslope movement of slope material under the influence of the gravitational force of the material itself and without the assistance of moving water, ice or air. The distinction between mass movement and the transport of the other material by other denudational processes is, however, not always clear-cut in practice since mass movements involving material with a high water content grade into fluvial transport where streams carry very large loads of fine sediments (Summerfield M.A, 1991).
Berdasarkan pemerhatian yang dilakukan, kami mendapati berlakunya pergerakan jisim di kawasan kajian iaitu pergerakan jisim secara perlahan dan secara cepat. Pergerakan jisim secara perlahan dapat dilihat di sepanjang jalan yang telah dilalui di mana pokok-pokok berada dalam keadaan condong akibat daripada pergerakan tanih. Manakala dalam rajah di atas menunjukkan berlakunya pergerakan jisim secara cepat di mana kelihatan beberapa batang pokok telah tumbang di kawasan yang terhakis oleh aliran air permukaan seperti rajah 2.3 (a), dan 2.3 (b).
2.5 Biogeomorfologi Sekitar Tapak Kajian
Air hujan yang turun menyebabkan wujudnya lumut yang akhirnya meliputi struktur luaran batuan yang terdapat di kawasan berkenaan seperti rajah 2.4 (a) dan 2.4 (b).
BAB 3 Perbincangan
3.1 Faktor-Faktor Pergerakan Jisim
3.1.1 Kecerunan
Oleh kerana pergerakan jisim amat berkait rapat dengan tarikan graviti, kecerunan amat mempengaruhi kejadian ini. Di kawasan yang landai, iaitu kecerunan kurang daripada 5º akan menyebabkan daya gravitinya kurang berbanding di kawasan cerun yang bersudut 5 º hingga 40 º mempunyai tarikan graviti yang lebih kuat.
3.1.2 Bahan Regolit yang Tebal
Proses penyediaan beban, iaitu bahan
Original Title
jenis-jenis batuan, jenis-jenis tanih, proses luluhawa, proses pergerakan jisim dan biogeomorfologi : kajian kes di ulu yam
Jenis-Jenis Batuan
Rock is a hard, coherent material comprising individual particles or crystals. It is discontinuous in the sense that it is broken to a greater or lesser extent by joints a…